Oils and Fats as Raw Materials for Industry

Divya Bajpai Tripathy, PhD, is a full-time professor in the Department of Chemistry, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India. She has more than 12 years research and teaching experience, more than 30 research publications to her credit, and two Indian and one published Australian patent. She has received a Woman Scientist Fellowship from Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science, India and a Research and Innovation Award from Galgotias University, India. Anjali Gupta, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry, ITS Management and IT Institute, Ghaziabad, India. She has over 13 years of the areas of bioorganic and synthetic organic chemistry, with ten publications available in these areas. Pooja Agarwal, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Chemistry, Galgotias University, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, India. She has 15 publications on polymeric and nanomaterials and over 12 years of experience in materials science. Anuradha Mishra, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry at Gautam Buddha University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. She has over 30 years of experience teaching at a number of universities across India and has over 150 publications to her name in varying areas of materials science. Arvind Kumar Jain, PhD, is a professor and has been Dean of Student Welfare at Galgotias University in New Delhi, India since 2011. He has 20 years of experience in teaching and research and over fifty publications in many areas of chemistry and nanomaterials, as well as eight patents. He also has eight published patents and has guided a number of PhD candidates.

Preface xvii

1 Oil and Fats as Raw Materials for Industry: An Introduction 1
Sonali Kesarwani, Mukul Kumar, Divya Bajpai Tripathy, Anjali Gupta and Suneet Kumar

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Classification of Oils and Fats 4

1.3 Chronology of the Development of Oil and Fats for Industry 11

1.4 Chemistry of Oil and Fats 14

1.5 Properties of Oils and Fats 15

1.6 Applications of Oils and Fats 18

1.7 Challenges 21

1.8 Conclusion 24

2 Biotechnology for Oil and Fat 33
Nabya Nehal and Priyanka Singh

2.1 Introduction 34

2.2 Review of Literature 36

2.3 Conclusion 55

3 Sustainability of Oils and Fats Over Petrochemicals 65
Swati Chaudhary

3.1 Oils and Fats as Renewable Feedstock 66

3.2 Petrochemicals as Non-Renewable Feedstock 70

3.3 Oils and Fats vs. Petrochemicals 75

3.4 Trends in the Oleochemical Industry 76

3.5 Oleochemicals & Petrochemicals Surfactants 77

3.6 Oleochemicals-Based Products 79

3.7 Conclusion 79

4 Oils and Fats in the Food Industry 85
Garima Gupta and Priyanka Singh

4.1 Introduction 86

4.2 Sources of Oils and Fats 88

4.3 Methods of Extraction 92

4.4 Constituents of Fat and Oil 96

4.5 Physical Properties 99

4.6 Chemical Characteristics 102

4.7 Nutritional Properties 104

4.8 Applications 106

5 Oils and Fats as an Environmentally Benign Raw Material for Surfactants and Laundry Detergents 117
Subhalaxmi Pradhan, Chandu S. Madankar and Paridhi

5.1 Introduction 118

5.2 History of Laundry Detergent 118

5.3 Raw Materials in Laundry and Detergents 121

5.4 Types of Surfactants 122

5.5 Synthesis Methods 128

5.6 Market Analysis 135

5.7 Environmental Safety 137

5.8 Future Trends 138

5.9 Conclusion 139

6 Oils and Fats as Raw Materials for Cosmetics 145
Shilpi Bhatnagar and Shilpi Khurana

6.1 Introduction 145

6.2 Theoretical Aspects of Emollients 146

6.3 Commonly Used Vegetable/Plant Derived Oils 148

6.4 Lanolin and Its Derivatives 151

6.5 Lecithin 152

6.6 Essential Oils 153

6.7 Use of Waxes in Cosmetics 155

6.8 Use of Oils, Fats and Waxes in Lipsticks and Eye Care Products 157

6.9 Cleansing Creams 161

6.10 Oil Shampoo 163

6.11 Conclusion 163

7 Oil and Fats as Raw Materials for Coating Industries 169
Monika Kaurav, Kantrol Sahu, Ramakant Joshi, Wasim Akram, Pooja Mongia Raj, Rakesh Raj and Sunita Minz

7.1 Introduction 170

7.2 Vegetable Origin Oils and Fats 171

7.3 Animal Origin Fats & Oils 178

7.4 Various Applications of Oils and Fats in Coating Industry 181

7.5 Regulatory and Safety Issues of Vegetable Oil and Fats Coatings 183

7.6 Patents of Oils and Fats Used for Industrial Coating 184

7.7 Recent Approaches for Coating 185

7.8 Conclusions 189

8 Oil and Fats as Raw Materials as Corrosion Inhibitors and Biolubricants 195
Anurag Bapat, Subhalaxmi Pradhan and Chandu S. Madankar

8.1 Introduction 196

8.2 Biolubricants@from Vegetable Oil 205

8.3 Renewable Feedstocks Available in India 216

8.4 Ester-Based Lubricants from Vegetable Origin Oils (Edible and Non-Edible Oil) 219

8.5 Epoxide-Based Lubricants from Vegetable Oil 220

8.6 Conclusion 222

9 Vegetable Oils in Pharmaceutical Industry 231
Shruti Mishra, Shubhankar Anand and Achyut Pandey

9.1 Introduction 232

9.2 Olive Oil 233

9.3 Rice Bran Oil 238

9.4 Soybean Oil 240

9.5 Walnut Oil 242

9.6 Sesame Oil 243

9.7 Peanut Oil 246

9.8 Sunflower Oil 248

9.9 Conclusions 251

10 Non-Edible Oils as Biodiesel 267
Shilpi Khurana and Shilpi Bhatnagar

10.1 Introduction 267

10.2 Tussle Between Food and Fuel 269

10.3 Non-Edible Oils as Potential Feedstock 270

10.4 Non-Edible Plants as Raw Material 271

10.5 Properties of Non-Edible Oils for Biodiesel as a Future Fuel 276

10.6 Extraction of Non-Edible Oil 278

10.7 Emissions Characteristics of Non-Edible Vegetable Oils 280

10.8 Conclusion 280

11 Ecological and Economic Aspects of Oil and Fats 285
Shivang Dhoundiyal, Awaneet Kaur and Md. Aftab Alam

11.1 Introduction 285

11.2 Disparities in Price 290

11.3 Environmental Effects of Oils 293

11.4 Global Trends 298

12 Oils and Fats: Raw Materials for Corrosion Inhibitor 307
Smriti Dwivedi and Anita Kushwaha

12.1 Introduction 307

12.2 Essential Oil as Corrosion Inhibitor 309

12.3 Fatty Acids as Corrosion Inhibitors 314

12.4 Copper Corrosion Inhibitor by Fatty Amidine 315

12.5 Palm Oil as Corrosion Inhibitor 315

12.6 Flower Extracts as Corrosion Inhibitor 316

12.7 Fatty Amide Derivatives Used as Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel 317

12.8 Unsaturated Fatty Acid Derived by Microalgae as Corrosion Inhibitor 317

12.9 Other Green Inhibitors 318

12.10 Conclusions 319

References 320

Index 333