Electrochemical Methods in Soil and Water Research (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Electrochemical Methods in Soil and Water Research 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Chapter 1. Electrode Potential 18
1.1 Origin of Electrode Potential 18
1.2 Nernst Equation 24
1.3 Electromotive Force 36
1.4 Electrode Polarization 46
Chapter 2. Principles of Potentiometric Methods 62
2.1 Ion Activity 62
2.2 Potentiometry 73
2.3 Potentiometrie Titration 78
Chapter 3. Reference Electrodes 88
3.1 Requirements for a Reference Electrode 88
3.2 Calomel Electrodes 90
3.3 Silver-silver Chloride Electrodes 98
3.4 Mercury-mercurous Sulfate Electrode 105
3.5 Oxidation-reduction Electrodes 106
3.6 Reference Electrodes for Field Use 109
Chapter 4. Liquid-junction Potential 113
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 Principles 113
4.3 Liquid-junction Potential Involving Colloidal Systems 124
4.4 Liquid-junction Potential in Relation to Salt Bridge 125
4.5 Effect of Experimental Conditions on Liquid-junction Potential 130
4.6 Residual Liquid-junction Potential 132
4.7 Reduction and Elimination of Liquid-junction Potential 133
Chapter 5. Characteristics of Ion-selective Electrodes 138
5.1 Introduction 138
5.2 Potential Response 138
5.3 Detection Limit 141
5.4 Selectivity 143
5.5 Resistance 148
5.6 Response Time 153
5.7 Other Properties 159
Chapter 6. Glass Electrodes and Their Applications 164
6.1 Composition and Structure of Electrode Glass 164
6.2 Properties of Electrode Glass 173
6.3 Mechanisms of Electrode Potential 179
6.4 Fabrication 185
6.5 Applications 191
Chapter 7. Solid-state Membrane Electrodes and Their Applications 200
7.1 Principles 200
7.2 Types 210
7.3 Construction and Fabrication 212
7.4 Properties and Applications of Some Electrodes 217
Chapter 8. Liquid-state Membrane Electrodes and Their Applications 234
8.1 Principles 234
8.2 Basic Properties 242
8.3 Construction 254
8.4 Applications of Some Important Electrodes 259
Chapter 9. Gas Sensors and Their Applications 284
9.1 Principles 284
9.2 Construction 293
9.3 Handling 302
9.4 Uses of Some Sensors 306
Chapter 10. Oxidation-reduction Potential and Its Measurement 314
10.1 Principles 314
10.2 Fabrication and Treatment of Oxidation-reduction Electrodes 322
10.3 Measurement of Oxidation-reduction Potential 325
Chapter 11. Common Problems and Their Causes in Potentiometric Measurements 331
11.1 General Examination 331
11.2 Problems with the Reading 333
11.3 Problems with the S Value 340
11.4 Problems with the Solution 345
11.5 Problems with the Liquid-junction 346
Chapter 12. Conductometric Methods 349
12.1 Principles 350
12.2 AC Method of Measurement 357
12.3 DC Method of Measurement 367
12.4 Conductometric Titration 372
12.5 Applications 376
Chapter 13. Voltammetric Methods 383
13.1 General Principles 384
13.2 Apparatus 397
13.3 Determination of Reducing Substances in Soils 406
13.4 Determination of COD of Water 409
13.5 Determination of Oxygen in Soils and Water 412
13.6 Determination of Manganous and Ferrous Ions and Stability Constants of Their Complexes 420
13.7 Amperometric Titration 423
Chapter 14. Electrochemical Instruments 430
14.1 Potentiometric Instruments 430
14.2 Conductometric Instruments 449
14.3 Voltammetric Instruments 460
14.4 Pocket Electrochemical Multimeter 466
Index 471