Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation (eBook)

CHAPTER 1: THE ROLE OF NITROUS OXIDE ON CLIMATE CHANGE1. Introduction2. Greenhouse effect3. Climate forcing4. Nitrous oxide emissions5. ConclusionsCHAPTER 2: GLOBAL NITROGEN CYCLE1. Introduction2. Discovery of N cycle: Historical perspective3. Global N inventory4. N fixation5. Nitrogen cycling6. ConclusionsCHAPTER 3: FORMATION AND RELEASE OF NITROUS OXIDE FROM TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS1. Introduction2. Nitrification2.2. Heterotrophic nitrification2.3. Chemolithotrophic ammonia oxidation3. Denitrification3.1. Respiratory denitrification3.2. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium3.3. Chemodenitrification3.4. Nitrifier denitrification4. N2O production by nitrification and denitrification5. ConclusionsCHAPTER 4: NITROUS OXIDE FLUXES MEASUREMENT1. Introduction2. Measurement methods2.1. Flux chambers2.2. Sub-surface method2.3. Mass balance method2.4. Micrometeorological approaches2.5. Comparison of chamber and micrometeorological approaches3. Modeling approaches3.1. Empirical models3.2. Process-based models4. Future research priorities5. ConclusionsCHAPTER 5: GLOBAL SOURCES OF NITROUS OXIDE1. Introduction2. Natural sources2.1. Soils under natural vegetation2.2. Aquatic Sources2.3. Wetlands2.4. Riparian zones3. Anthropogenic sources3.1. Description of the sources3.2. Agriculture3.3. Indirect N2O emission3.4. Biomass burning3.5. Tropical forest land conversion3.6. Fossil fuel burning4. Conclusion5. Researchable issuesCHAPTER 6: LAND USE AND LAND MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON NITROUS OXIDE FLUXES1. Introduction2. Cropland2.1. Nitrous oxide formation in agricultural soils2.2. Legumes and N2O emissions|2.3. Conversion of forest and grassland to cropland2.4. Land management and N2O emission3. Grassland3.1. Nitrogen inputs to grasslands4. Forest4.1. Factors affecting N2O emissions from forest soils4.2. Clear-cutting and N2O emissions5. Factors controlling N2O production from soils5.1. Moisture and aeration5.2. Temperature5.3. Soluble and mineralizable carbon5.4. Soil pH and salinity5.5. Soil nitrogen5.6. Other nutrients5.7. ConclusionsCHAPTER 7: NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM RICE FIELDS1. Introduction2. Literature Survey on Nitrous oxide Emission from Rice Cultivation3. Types of Rice Ecosystems3.1. Irrigated rice ecosystem3.2. Lowland rainfed rice ecosystem3.3. Upland rice ecosystem3.4. Deepwater or flood-prone rice ecosystem4. Rice Soils4.1. Nitrogen transformation in flooded soils4.2. Processes contributing to nitrous oxide emission from rice fields4.3. Assessment of special conditions driving N2O emission in rice fields4.4. Factors affecting N2O emission from rice fields4.5. Sampling techniques for measuring N2O fluxes from rice fields4.6. Problems of sampling and quantification of N2O from rice fields4.7. Effects of land management practices in non-rice growing season on N2O emission from rice fields5. Mitigation Options for N2O Emissions from Rice fields6. ConclusionsCHAPTER 8: NITROUS OXIDE SOURCES AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES1. Introduction2. Anthropogenic sources of nitrous oxide2.1. Agriculture2.2. Industrial processes2.3. Other sources3. Mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions from cropland3.1. Cropland3.2. Fertilizer use and crop yields enhancement3.3. Water management3.4. Organic and wetland soils3.5. Biochar application3.6. Indirect nitrous oxide emission from cropland3.7. Role of plant breeding and biotechnology advances4. Conclusions5. Research needsCHAPTER 9: MITIGATION OPTIONS FOR LIVESTOCK AND PASTURE LANDS1. Introduction2. Nitrogen input to grazed pasture2.1 Biological N fixation2.2 Animal excreta deposition in pasturelands2.3 Animal manures and effluent application in pasturelands2.4 Inorganic N fertilizers application in pasturelands3. Nitrogen transformations and loss from pasture soils4. Nitrous oxide emissions from livestock management system4.1 Approaches to reduce gaseous nitrogen emission from livestock production systems5. ConclusionsCHAPTER 10: THE ROLE OF FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT IN MITIGATING NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS1. Introduction2. Nitrogen use efficiency2.1. Approaches to improve nitrogen use efficiency in agriculture3. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers3.1. Slow and controlled released fertilizers3.2. Stabilized fertilizers3.3. Advantages and disadvantages of enhanced efficiency fertilizers4. Precision fertilization5. ConclusionsCHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION: TOWARDS MANAGING AGRICULTURAL SOILS FOR MITIGATING N2O EMISSIONS1. Introduction2. Mitigation options2.2. Management of nitrogen under animal agriculture2.3. Barriers of achieving nitrogen efficiency3. Policy issues on agricultural GHG mitigation4. Research needs5. Recommended practices for reducing N2O emission