Acid Atmospheric Deposition and its Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems in The Netherlands (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Foreword 14
Abridged summary 16
Chapter 1. Introduction 24
1.1 The first two phases of the Dutch Priority Programme on Acidification (DPPA) 24
1.2 The third phase of the DPPA 25
1.3 Organizational and financial aspects of DPPA-III 28
1.4 The content of the final report 29
1.5 References 30
Chapter 2. Emission, concentration and deposition of acidifying substances 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Emissions 37
2.3 Concentrations 41
2.4 Depositions 50
2.5 Source contributions and origin of the deposition 67
2.6 Relation between atmospheric deposition and throughfall 70
2.7 Uncertainties 71
2.8 Deposition originating from natural sources and comparison of the Dutch situation with other European countries 76
2.9 Conclusions and gaps in current knowledge 80
2.10 References 82
Appendix A Foreign emissions in 1993 88
Appendix B Loads per acidification area 89
Chapter 3. Effects on forest ecosystems 94
3.1 Introduction 94
3.2 Laboratory-scale manipulation experiments 96
3.3 Effects at stand scale 98
3.4 Effects at regional scale 111
3.5 Effects on other biotic components of the forest ecosystem 119
3.6 Critical levels and critical loads 125
3.7 Discussion 128
3.8 Conclusions 133
3.9 References 135
Chapter 4. Effects of atmospheric deposition on non-forest ecosystems in The Netherlands 140
4.1 Introduction 140
4.2 Terrestrial ecosystems 141
4.3 Aquatic ecosystems 159
4.4 Critical loads 164
4.5 References 167
Chapter 5. Summary and conclusions 170
5.1 Trends in emissions, concentrations and depositions 170
5.2 Effects on forest ecosystems 177
5.3 Effects on non-forest ecosystems 185
5.4 Curative measures 188
5.5 Evaluation and synthesis 189
Appendix 1 Project reports published in the context of DPPA-III 192
Appendix 2 General conclusions and recommendations review report 204
Appendix 3 Composition of Steering Group for the Acidification Programme and DPPA-III Project Group 208
Annex 1 Thematic reports 212
Atmospheric input 214
Thematic report on effects (with special emphasis on combination stress) 368
Research at the Speulder forest: assessment of the effects of acidification, eutrophication and ozone 402
Application of three forest-soil-atmosphere models to the Speuld experimental forest 466
Annex 2 International review 618
Annex 3 Project literature 664
Subject index 690