Compost Science and Technology (eBook)

Cover 1
COMPOST SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 4
Copyright page 5
Preface 8
Contributors 10
Table of contents 14
Chapter 1. Introduction 18
1.1. Principles 18
1.2. The Role of Composting 20
1.3. Conclusions 21
1.4. References 21
Chapter 2. History of Composting 24
2.1. Neolithic Period and Early Civilizations 24
2.2. Twentieth Century 25
2.3. References 37
Chapter 3. Microbiology of the Composting Process 42
3.1. Introduction 43
3.2. Definition of Composting (Process) and of Compost (Product) 43
3.3. The Substrates 44
3.4. Composting as a Discontinuous Process 48
3.5. The Microorganisms Involved 51
3.6. Carbon and Nitrogen Balance 55
3.7. Advanced Microbiological Analyses for Maturity Determination 58
3.8. References 62
Chpater 4. Factors that Affect the Process 66
4.1. Substrates 66
4.2. Environmental Factors 70
4.3. Course of the Process 75
4.4. Indicators 77
4.5. Determination of Degree of Stability 78
4.6. References 81
Chapter 5. Systems Used in Composting 84
5.1. Introduction 84
5.2. Purpose of Equipment 84
5.3. Guidelines for System Selection 86
5.4. General Classification of Composting Systems 87
5.5. Post-Processing 104
5.6. References 104
Chapter 6. Design of Composting Plants 106
6.1. Public Acceptance 107
6.2. Lifespan of Industrial Buildings 107
6.3. Economics of Design 108
6.4. Interdisciplinary Teamwork 109
6.5. Urbanism and Regional Planning 110
6.6. Siting 111
6.7. Traffic 113
6.8. Ecological, Climatic, and Regional Aspects 113
6.9. Accessibility 114
6.10. Building Configuration 115
6.11. Design of Open-Air Space 120
6.12. Construction and Corrosion 121
6.13. Flooring 124
6.14. Protection for the Construction Parts 126
6.15. The Roof 126
6.16. The Façades 128
6.17. Influence of Different Composting Systems on Architecture 130
6.18. Administration Building 131
6.19. Fire Prevention 132
6.20. Acoustics 133
6.21. Lighting 133
6.22. Ecological Aspects 133
6.23. References 134
Chapter 7. Quality and Agronomic Use of Compost 136
7.1. Introduction 136
7.2. Soil Fertility and its Improvement 138
7.3. References 158
Appendix I. Evaluation of Hazards to the Food Chain1 163
Appendix II. Vermicomposts from Organic Waste2 169
Chapter 8. Bioremediation 176
8.1. Biodegradation by Composting of Toxic Molecules 176
8.2. Decontamination of Soils 188
8.3. Conclusions 190
8.4. References 190
Chapter 9. Pathogenic Agents 194
9.1. General Remarks 194
9.2. Bacteria 197
9.3. Viruses 197
9.4. Fungi 199
9.5. Parasites 199
9.6. Hygienization 201
9.7. Regrowth Prevention 211
9.8. Indicators 211
9.9. References 215
Chapter 10. Suppression of Soil-Borne Phytopathogens by Compost 218
10.1. Introduction 218
10.2. Production of Disease-Suppressive Compost 219
10.3. Use of Suppressive Compost 225
10.4. Concluding Remarks 228
10.5. Acknowledgments 229
10.6. References 229
Chapter 11. Odor Emissions from Composting Plants 232
11.1. Introduction 232
11.2. Odor Definition, Measurement, and Generation 233
11.3. Determination of Odor Flow Rates and Odorant Immission 244
11.4. Assessment and Comparison of Odor Data 253
11.5. Modular Types of Composting Systems and their Respective Odor Emissions 258
11.6. Air Ventilation in Composting Plants 284
11.7. Preparation of Dimensioning Sheets for Odor Calculation in Composting Plants 289
11.8. Odor Immission Cases in Composting Plants 297
11.9. Summary and Outlook 312
11.10. References 313
Annex A. Modular Types: Dimensioning Sheets 318
Chapter 12. Marketing of Composts 342
12.1. Introduction 343
12.2. Markets for Compost 343
12.3. Limitations on Use of the Compost Product 349
12.4. Market Development 356
12.5. The Real Economic Dimension of the Compost Market in Key EU Countries 361
12.6. Quality Certification and Labeling for Compost in the European Union 365
12.7. References 370
Index 374