Managing Coastal and Inland Waters (eBook)

Managing Coastal andInland Waters 3
Contents 5
List of Figures 7
List of Photographs 9
List of Tables 11
Contributors 13
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Pre-existing Local Management Systems in Southeast Asia 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Why Pre-existing Systems are Overlooked 17
1.3 Geographical Distribution of Pre-existing Fisheries Management Systems 20
1.4 Status of Information on Pre-existing Systems in Southeast Asia (Fig. 1.2) 21
1.4.1 Indonesia 21
1.4.2 Laos 24
1.4.3 Philippines 26
1.4.4 Thailand 27
1.4.5 Vietnam 28
1.5 Management Functions and Approaches 28
1.6 Basic Design Principles of Pre-existing Systems 30
1.6.1 Authority or Leadership 32
1.6.2 Rights 32
1.6.3 Rules 33
1.6.4 Monitoring, Accountability and Enforcement 34
1.6.5 Sanctions 34
1.7 Success Stories 35
1.8 Contents of This Book 36
References 38
Chapter 2: Pre-existing Fisheries Management Systems in Indonesia, Focusing on Lombok and Maluku 45
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 The Awig–Awig of North Lombok 50
2.2.1 The Sawen System 50
2.2.2 Awig–Awig: Revitalization of Sawen 51
2.2.2.1 The Protection of Marine Fisheries Resources: Fishers’ Councilof Northern Lombok 51
2.2.2.2 Prevention of Destructive Fishing Practices: The Awig–Awig Sari Laut, Bayan Sub-District 54
2.2.2.3 Coral Reef Management and Prohibiting Destructive Fishing 54
2.3 The Maluku Case 55
2.3.1 Petuanan Laut 56
2.3.2 Sasi 57
2.3.2.1 An Interpretation of Sasi 59
2.4 Institutional Performance 61
2.4.1 Clearly Defined Territorial Boundary 61
2.4.2 Legitimacy and Enforceability of Rules 62
2.4.3 Monitoring 62
2.4.4 Graduated Sanctions 63
2.4.5 Legitimate Authority 63
2.5 National Policy on Pre-existing Fisheries Management 64
2.6 Conclusions 66
References 67
Chapter 3: Open to All?: Reassessing Capture Fisheries Tenure Systems in Southern Laos 70
3.1 Introduction 70
3.1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons 72
3.2 The Fisheries 73
3.2.1 Fence-Filter (Tone) and Wing Traps (Li) in the Mekong River 73
3.2.2 Khone Falls Tone Trap Fishery 73
3.2.3 Khone Falls Li Fishery 75
3.2.4 Khone Falls Tone and Li Tenure 76
3.2.5 Fence-Filter Trap (Tone) and Wing-Trap (Li) Fishing Along Seasonal and Perennial Streams 78
3.2.5.1 Stream Tone and Li Fisheries 78
3.2.5.2 Stream Tone and Li Tenure 79
3.2.6 Pit-Trap (loum pa) Fishing in Swamps 80
3.2.6.1 Pit-Trap Tenure 81
3.3 The Nature of Tenure and Governance 82
3.4 Conclusions 85
References 86
Chapter 4: Seasonal Ritual and the Regulation of Fishing in Batanes Province, Philippines 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Indigenous or ‘Pre-existing’ Marine Resources Property Rights Regimes in the Philippines 93
4.2.1 The Tagbanua Model 94
4.2.2 The Visayan Fishers’ Model 95
4.2.3 The Mataw Fishers of Batanes Province 96
4.2.3.1 The Vanua as Meaningful Unit of Organization 97
4.2.3.2 Inside the Vanua: Leadership, ‘Laws’ and Ritual Regulation of Seasonal Fishing Activities 99
4.2.3.3 The Fishing Schedule and the Community Economy 105
Box 4.1 A Resolution Prescribing Rules and Regulations Governing Fishing Operations within the Tudaw-Achip Fishing Grounds at Valugan, Basco, Batanes, and Prescribing Penalties for Violation Thereof: Excerpt from theMinutes of Basco Fishermen–Farmers’ Asso 103
Box 4.2 Excerpts from Ordinance No. 03-03, Regulatory Ordinance for the Preservation of Cultural and TraditionalMethod of Fishing during the Months of March, April and May 104
4.3 Conclusion 107
References 109
Chapter 5: Pre-existing Inland Fisheries Management in Thailand: The Case of the Lower Songkhram River Basin 111
5.1 Introduction 111
5.1.1 The Lower Songkhram River Basin 112
5.1.2 Fisheries in the LSRB 114
5.1.3 Occupation and Dependency on Fisheries 122
5.1.4 Fisheries Household Economics 123
5.1.5 Fishers’ Perception of the Condition of Fisheries Resources 123
5.2 Property Rights System in Fisheries Management in the LSRB 125
5.2.1 Customary Rights over Fishing Grounds 126
5.2.2 Returning Rights from Private to Common Property in Barrage Fishing 127
5.2.3 The Barrage Fishery: Local Institutions Governing a Common Property 128
5.2.4 Conflict Between Local and Legal Rights in Fisheries Management 129
5.2.5 Degree of Traditional Collective Action and Decision Making 131
5.3 Fishers’ Perception of Collective Action and Responsibility for Fisheries Management 136
5.3.1 Attitudes of Fishers Toward Leadership 137
5.3.2 Customary Rules: Community Management of Fisheries Resources 137
5.3.2.1 Local Communities Establish Local Fishery Rules to Manage Community Ponds 137
5.3.2.2 Local Community Establishment of Fish Conservation Zones 138
5.4 Conclusion 139
References 140
Chapter 6: Vietnam: The van chai System of Social Organization and Fisheries Community Management 141
6.1 Introduction 142
6.1.1 Village Structure and Management: A Prerequisiteto Understanding the Van Chai 145
6.1.2 Key Differences Between Water- and Land-based Villages 147
6.2 Floating Village 148
6.2.1 The Administration of ‘Floating Village’ Van Chai 149
6.2.2 Management Structure of Van Chai in the Lagoonsof Thua Thien Hue Province 149
6.2.3 Structure, Relationships and Institutional Formulationin ‘Floating Village’ Van Chai 150
6.2.4 The Relationship between a ‘Floating Village’ Van Chai and its Host Farming Village 152
6.3 The ‘Guild-Type’ Van Chai 152
6.3.1 The Structure of Traditional Villages in the South-Central Region 153
6.4 Van Chai: The Focus for Fishers’ Spiritual Activities 155
6.4.1 The Structure of ‘Guild Type’ Van Chai-based Fisheries Management 157
6.4.1.1 Van administration 157
6.4.1.2 Mutual Assistance 157
6.5 The Design Principles of Van Chai 158
6.5.1 Rights 159
6.5.1.1 Primary Rights 159
6.5.1.2 Right Conveyed by Proximity to Residence 160
6.5.1.3 The Right of Transfer and Loan 160
6.5.1.4 Shared Rights 160
6.5.2 Rules 161
6.5.2.1 First-Comer’s Rule 161
6.5.2.2 The Definition of Fishing Territories 161
6.5.2.3 Inter-community Access Rules 162
6.5.2.4 Gear Rules 162
6.5.2.5 Temporal Allocation Rules 162
6.5.2.6 Conservation Rules 163
6.5.2.7 Distribution of Catch Rules 164
6.5.2.8 Rules Pertaining to Relationships Among Boat Owners, Captains and Crew 165
6.5.2.9 Operational Rules 166
6.5.3 Monitoring and Accountability 166
6.5.4 Conflict Resolution 167
6.5.5 Sanctions 168
6.6 Concluding Comments 168
References 170
Chapter 7: Conclusion: Errors and Insights 173
7.1 The Hegemonic Capitalistic-Industrial Model 174
7.2 The Mismanagement of Tropical Nearshore Fisheries 174
7.3 Centralization Versus Decentralization 175
7.4 Differing Perceptions of the New Western Decentralized Management Concepts 177
7.5 Poorly Examined Basic Issues 178
7.5.1 Managing Fishing Communities not Fisheries 178
7.5.2 Complex, Flexible and Dual Rights Systems 179
7.5.2.1 Complex Systems 179
7.5.2.2 Local Change in Rights Systems 180
7.5.2.3 Local Acceptance of Illegal Gear and the Conflict Between Local and State Rights 181
7.6 Fisheries Are Just One Component of a Community Resource Assemblage 181
7.7 Change 182
References 184
Author Index 186
Subject Index 190