Success Stories in Asian Aquaculture (eBook)

Sena S. De Silva is Director General of the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific and Honorary Professor of Aquaculture and Fisheries Biology at the School Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. F. Brian Davy is Senior Fellow at the International Institute for Sustainable Development in Canada and has over 35 years of experience in the field of aquatic resources.

Foreword 5
Preface 7
Acknowledgments 10
Contents 11
1 Aquaculture Successes in Asia: Contributing to Sustained Development and Poverty Alleviation 13
1.1 Introduction 13
1.2 Contemporary Situation 14
1.3 Fish and Human Nutrition 16
1.4 Traditional Fish Food Supplies 17
1.5 Fish Food Needs 17
1.6 Aquaculture 18
1.6.1 Importance in Narrowing the Supply and Demand Gap 19
1.6.2 Key Features of the Aquaculture Sector 19
1.6.3 Growth Phases in Aquaculture 21
1.6.4 Public Perceptions on Aquaculture 23
1.7 Is Aquaculture a Success? 24
References 25
2 Recent Developments in Rice-Fish Culture in China: A Holistic Approach for Livelihood Improvement in Rural Areas 27
2.1 Introduction 28
2.2 Development of Fish Culture in Rice Fields in China 29
2.2.1 Historical Aspects 29
2.3 Evolution of Fish Culture in Rice Fields 30
2.3.1 Initial Development Stages 30
2.3.2 Production Centered Rice-fish Culture 30
2.3.3 Rice-Fish Culture and Income Generation 31
2.3.4 Holistic Ecosystem Approach for Environmental Integrity and Food Safety 31
2.4 Recent Developments 32
2.4.1 Trends of Change in Culture Area and Production 32
2.4.2 Species Diversification 33
2.4.3 Proliferation of Rice–fish Culture Across the Country 33
2.4.4 Extended Scope and Well-organized Industry 34
2.5 Role of Rice-fish Culture in Inland Aquaculture 35
2.6 Important Systems and Practices 36
2.6.1 Concurrent Rice-fish Farming Systems 36
2.6.2 Alternate Rice–fish Farming Systems 37
2.6.3 Rice–Finfish Farming Practice 38
2.6.4 Rice–Crustacean Farming Practices 39
2.7 Contribution of Rice–fish Culture to Overall Aquaculture in China 41
2.8 Social and Economic Benefits 41
2.8.1 Rural Farmer Household Income 41
2.8.2 Improvement of Women’s Social Status 42
2.8.3 Promoting Social Stability 42
2.9 Contribution to Food Security and Safety 42
2.9.1 An Effective Approach of Food Production with Minimum Natural Resource 43
2.9.2 Effective System Producing Green and Organic Rice and Aquatic Products 43
2.9.3 Contribution to Environmental Integrity 44
2.9.4 Minimizing Environment Impacts Through Least Use of Chemicals and Drugs 44
2.9.5 Maximum Utilization of Production Inputs and Discharge of Nutrients to the Environment 45
2.9.6 Maximizing Water and Land Resource Use 45
2.10 Key Factors Contributing to the Success of Rice-fish Culture 46
2.10.1 Cultural and Socioeconomic Basis 46
2.10.2 Changing Social and Economic Environment 46
2.10.3 Changing of People’s Perception 47
2.10.4 Favorable Government Policy Steering and Public Support 47
2.11 Way Forward 48
2.11.1 Potential for Further Development 48
2.11.1.1 Further Expansion of Culture 48
2.11.1.2 Scaling Up the Production of Green and Organic Food 49
2.12 Regional Perspectives 51
References 51
3 Shrimp Farmers in India: Empowering Small-Scale Farmers through a Cluster-Based Approach 53
3.1 Introduction 1 54
3.2 The Shrimp Industry in India 55
3.3 Background to MPEDA-NACA Project 56
3.3.1 Key Steps Adopted in the Project 57
3.3.2 Risk Factor Study (2000–2001) 58
3.3.3 Development of BMPs Based on International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming 59
3.4 Implementation of BMPs and Evolution of the Group Approach 60
3.4.1 Pilot Testing of BMPs at Farm Level (2002) 60
3.4.2 Promotion of BMPs at Group Level (2003) 60
3.5 Promotion of BMPs at the Cluster Level and Expansion of the Program (2004–2006) 61
3.5.1 Why the Approach is Considered a Success 63
3.5.1.1 Empowering Small-Scale Farmers 63
3.5.1.2 Society Management 63
3.5.1.3 Capacity Building 65
3.5.2 Contributing to Sustainability of Shrimp Farming 65
3.5.2.1 Economic Sustainability 65
3.5.2.2 Reduced Disease Risks 65
3.5.2.3 Reduced Cost of Production and Increased Profit 67
3.5.2.4 Facilitating Favorable Policy Decisions 68
3.6 Environmental Sustainability 68
3.6.1 Organic Project 68
3.6.2 Revival of Abandoned Ponds 68
3.6.3 Social Responsibility 69
3.7 Opportunities to Comply (for Small Scale Farmers) with Market Requirements 70
3.8 Adoption of the Model by Other NACA Member Countries 70
3.9 Increased Stakeholder Interactions and Involvement 72
3.10 Self Propagating Nature of the Model 73
3.11 Cost Benefit Analysis of MPEDA-NACA Project 74
3.11.1 Economic Analysis MPEDA-NACA Project Costs, 2004–2006 75
3.12 Summary of Positive Impacts 75
3.13 Summary of Lessons Learned 76
3.14 Way Forward 77
References 78
4 Backyard Hatcheries and Small Scale Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Thailand 79
4.1 Historical Development of Backyard Hatcheries 79
4.2 Present Status of Backyard Hatcheries in Thailand 83
4.3 History of Freshwater Prawn Farming 83
4.4 History of Marine Shrimp Farming 84
4.5 Key Factors for the Success of Small Scale Operators 89
4.5.1 Key People and Organizations 89
4.6 Government Policy and Support 90
4.6.1 Networking and Information Exchange 91
4.6.2 Crisis as One Key Driver of Success 91
4.7 Switching of Crustacean Species and Sustainable Farming 92
References 94
5 Cage Fish Culture: An Alternative Livelihood Option for Communities Displaced by Reservoir Impoundment in Kulekhani, Nepal 96
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 Cage Fish Culture 97
5.2.1 Origins of the Idea of Cage Fish Culture and its Expansion in the Reservoir 98
5.3 Kulekhani Reservoir 98
5.4 Displaced Ethnic Communities and Their Settlement 99
5.4.1 Cage Fish Farming 99
5.4.2 Private Sector Cage and Capture Fisheries 100
5.5 Cage Net Materials and Accessories 104
5.5.1 Gill Nets and Cast Nets 104
5.5.2 Economics of Cage Aquaculture 105
5.6 New Trends 105
5.7 Discussion 106
5.8 Contribution of Fisheries to Social Development 108
5.9 Contribution to Gender Empowerment 110
5.10 Scaling up Strategies 110
5.11 Conclusions 111
References 111
6 Enhancing Rural Farmer Income through Fish Production: Secondary Use of Water Resources in Sri Lanka and Elsewhere 114
6.1 Introduction 115
6.2 Reservoir Resources in Sri Lanka 117
6.3 Water Resources for Culture-Based Fisheries Development in Sri Lanka 118
6.4 CBF Development in Reservoirs of Sri Lanka 118
6.4.1 Why Initial Attempts at CBF Development Failed? 120
6.4.2 New Thoughts from the Lessons Learnt 120
6.4.3 Legal Framework for Reservoir Management 121
6.5 Lessons Learnt 122
6.5.1 Marketing and Economics of CBF 123
6.5.2 Dissemination of Major Research Findings 127
6.6 CBF Knowledge Translated into Practice 129
6.7 Vietnam 135
6.8 Lao PDR 137
6.9 Conclusions 137
References 138
7 Striped Catfish Aquaculture in Vietnam: A Decade of Unprecedented Development 142
7.1 Why is it Striped/Tra Catfish ( Pangasianodon hypophthalmus )? 143
7.2 Striped Catfish: Life Cycle 143
7.3 Striped Catfish: Production Chain 144
7.4 The Role of Striped Catfish in Aquaculture Sector 145
7.5 Socio economical Impacts from Striped Catfish Farming 147
7.6 Key Factors of for the Success of Striped Catfish Farming in Vietnam 148
7.6.1 Success of Seed Production and Hatchery Development 148
7.7 Success of Pond Culture Development 149
7.7.1 Overview of Culture Systems 149
7.7.2 Key Culture Techniques of Pond Culture 151
7.7.3 Improvement of Feeds 151
7.7.4 Advantage of Water Sources 152
7.7.5 High Economic Returns 152
7.7.6 Traditional Practices and Farmer Innovations 152
7.7.7 Government Support 153
7.7.8 Availability of Markets 154
7.8 Major Challenges in Up-scaling of Striped Catfish Industry in Vietnam 154
7.8.1 Diseases, Drugs, and Chemical Uses 154
7.8.2 Environmental Sustainability 155
7.8.3 Seed Quality 155
7.9 Ensuring Sustainable Striped Catfish Farming Systems 155
7.9.1 Markets 156
7.9.2 Organization of the Industry 156
7.10 Conclusions 156
References 157
8 The Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias Project: Impact and Lessons Learned 159
8.1 Introduction 160
8.1.1 Background 160
8.1.2 Objectives of the Paper 161
8.1.3 Structure of the Document 161
8.2 Why is the Need for Genetic Improvement of Fish? 162
8.3 Why Tilapia? 162
8.3.1 Emergence of Partnership for Genetic Enhancement of Tilapia 163
8.4 Development of Improved Nile Tilapia Strain 164
8.4.1 Establishment of a Base Population 165
8.4.2 Selective Breeding Methodology 165
8.4.3 Evaluation of GIFT Strain in Asia 166
8.5 Dissemination of Improved Tilapia Strain 167
8.5.1 International Program for Responsible Transfer of Improved Genetic Material 167
8.5.2 Commercial Dissemination of GIFT-Derived Strain 168
8.5.3 Development of Strategy for Effective Dissemination and Maintenance of GIFT Strain 168
8.5.4 Introductions of GIFT Fish from Asia to Africa 169
8.5.5 Public–Private Partnerships 170
8.6 Creating an Environment for Sustainability of GIFT 170
8.6.1 Capacity Building in Developing Countries 170
8.6.2 Follow-Up Program on GIFT 172
8.7 Development of Program to Ensure Maximum Benefits from GIFT 172
8.7.1 Impacts of GIFT Technology 172
8.7.1.1 Application of GIFT Technology in Carps and Other Species in Asia 172
8.7.1.2 Impacts of GIFT Strain 174
8.8 Lessons Learned 176
References 178
9 The Role of Exotics in Chinse Inland Aquaculture 182
9.1 Introduction 182
9.2 Aquaculture of Exotic Species in China 184
9.2.1 Exotic Finfish in Aquaculture 184
9.2.2 Culture of Exotic Crustaceans 187
9.3 Markets and Processing Industry Developments 188
9.4 Possible Reasons for the Success of Aquaculture of Exotic Species 189
9.5 General Considerations 191
9.6 Risk Assessment and Control 192
9.7 Administration Institutions for Exotic Species 192
References 193
10 Synthesis and Lessons Learned 195
10.1 An Evolving View of Success 195
10.2 A Vision for Sustainable Aquaculture 196
10.4 Measures of Success 199
10.5 An Evolving “Success” Hypothesis 201
10.6 Conditions Favoring Success 201
10.7 A Look into the Future 202
References 207
Contributors 208
Index 214