Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

Elizabeth Rozanski, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, USA. John Rush, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, USA.

Contributors


Abbreviations


Preface


Emergency Medicine


Overview of Emergency Medicine


Shock


Hypovolemic Shock


Sepsis/Septic Shock


Cardiogenic Shock


Cardiac Emergencies


Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation


Congestive Heart Failure in the Dog


Congestive Heart Failure in the Cat


Cardiac Arrhythmias


Pericardial Effusion


Arterial Thromboembolism


Syncope


Respiratory Emergencies


Respiratory Distress


Upper Airway Obstruction


Pneumonia


Feline Asthma


Pulmonary Thromboembolism


Noncardiogenic Pulmonary Edema


Pneumothorax


Pyothorax


Pulmonary Neoplasia


Hematological Emergencies


Blood Loss Anemia


Hemolytic Anemia


Nonregenerative Anemia


Thrombocytopenia/Thrombocytopathia


Acquired Coagulopathy


Toxicological Emergencies


Overview


Poisonous Plants


Ethylene Glycol


Anticoagulant Rodenticides


Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)


Chocolate


Tremorgenic Mycotoxicosis


Pyrethrin and Pyrethroids


Gastrointestinal Emergencies


Vomiting


Acute Diarrhea


Gastrointestinal Obstruction


Gastric Dilatation–Volvulus


Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage


Pancreatitis


Renal Emergencies


Acute Renal Failure


Dialysis


Chronic Renal Failure


Urethral Obstruction


Neurological Emergencies


Seizures


Traumatic Brain Injury


Paralysis and Paresis


Vestibular Syndrome


Mental Alteration


Metabolic Emergencies


Diabetic Ketoacidosis


Hypoglycemia


Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s Disease)


Disorders of Calcium


Trauma


Vehicular Trauma


Degloving Wounds


Bite Wounds


Gunshot and Stab Wounds


Emergency Fracture Management


Reproductive Emergencies


Dystocia


Pyometra


Neonatal Emergencies


Male Reproductive Emergencies


Environmental Emergencies


Bites and Stings


Heatstroke


Hypothermia


Smoke Inhalation


Burn Injury


Critical Care


Care of Critically Ill Animals


Monitoring Critical Care Patients


Monitoring of Cardiac Function


Monitoring of Respiratory Function


Anesthesia and Analgesia for Critical Care Patients


General Anesthetic Approach to the Critically Ill Patient


Anesthetic and Analgesic Agents


Analgesia for Critically Ill Patients


Summary


Fluid Therapy


Determining the Need for Fluid Therapy


Choosing the Appropriate Fluid Type


Appropriate Routes for Fluid Therapy


Determining the Rate and Duration of Fluid Therapy


Fluid Additives


Monitoring and Possible Complications


Summary


Transfusion Medicine for Critical Care Patients


Blood Products


Blood Types


Administration


Nutritional Support of the Critically Ill Patient


Nutritional Assessment


Goals of Nutritional Support


Nutritional Plan


Enteral Nutrition


Parenteral Nutrition


Monitoring and Reassessment


Special Nutrients


Summary


Techniques


Vascular Access


Urinary Catheterization


Supplemental Oxygen


Thoracocentesis


Thoracostomy Tube Placement


Pericardiocentesis


Abdominocentesis


Tracheostomy


Transtracheal Aspirate


Epidural Analgesia


Esophagostomy Tube Placement


Robert Jones Bandage


Appendices


Conversion Tables


Calculation of a Continuous Rate Infusion


Intensive Care Unit Drug Formulary


Index


Contributors


Elizabeth Armitage-Chan, VetMB, MA, MRCVS, DACVA, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK


Mark Acierno, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Medicine), Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA


Jonathan Bach, DVM, DACVIM, DACVECC, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA


Søren Boysen, DVM, DACVECC, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada


Daniel Chan, DVM, MRCVS, DACVN, DACVECC, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK (Section editor – Monitoring, Nutrition)


Benjamin Davidson, BVSc, DACVECC, New York City Veterinary Specialists, New York, USA


Armelle de Laforcade, DVM, DACVECC, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Section editor – Gastrointestinal, Trauma)


Ari Jutkowitz, VMD, DACVECC, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA


Jana Norris, DVM, DACVS, Veterinary Surgical and Diagnostic Specialists, Clarksburg, New Jersey, USA


Therese O’Toole, DVM, DACVIM, DACVECC, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Section editor – Renal, Metabolic, and Neurological)


April Paul, DVM, DACVECC, Tufts VETS, Walpole, Massachusetts, USA


Elizabeth A. Rozanski, DVM, DACVECC, DACVIM (Internal Medicine), Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Section editor – Respiratory and Hematological)


John E. Rush, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology), DACVECC, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA (Section editor – Cardiology)


Scott P. Shaw, DVM, DACVECC, New England Veterinary Center and Cancer Care, Windsor, Connecticut, USA (Section editor – Environmental, Reproductive, and Toxicology)


Jennifer Waldrop, DVM, DACVECC, Massachusetts Veterinary Referral Hospital, Woburn, Massachusetts, USA


Thomas Walker, DVM, DACVECC, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies


Megan Whalen, DVM, DACVECC, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA


Kimberly Winters, DVM, DACVIM, Animal Specialty Group, Los Angeles, California, USA