Introduction to One Health

Sharon L. Deem, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACZM, is Director of the Institute for Conservation Medicine at the Saint Louis Zoo in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, and Adjunct Associate Professor in the Veterinary College and MPH Program at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, USA.

Kelly E. Lane-deGraaf, PhD, is Assistant Professor and Director of the Center for One Health at Fontbonne University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.

Foreword xiii

Acknowledgments xv

About the Companion Website xvii

Part I An Introduction and Impetus for One Health 1

1 Why One Health? 3

1.1 Book Overview 8

1.2 Conclusions and Welcome to One Health 10

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 11

Interview 12

Works Cited 13

2 Our Interconnected World 15

2.1 One Health Challenges on a Connected Planet 17

2.2 Global Challenges for One Health Practitioners 19

2.2.1 Emerging Infectious Diseases and Invasive Species 19

2.2.2 Loss of Biodiversity and Natural Resources 19

2.2.3 Climate Change 21

2.2.4 Environmental Degradation and Environmental Contaminants 21

2.2.5 Loss of Habitat and Increased Interactions of Domestic Animals-Wildlife-Humans 22

2.3 Drivers of Our Connected Health Challenges 22

2.4 Solutions Using a One Health Approach 24

2.5 Connectivity Across the Human-Animal-Environment Interface 25

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 26

Interview 26

Case Study28

Works Cited 29

3 Greatest Threats to Planetary Health 31

3.1 The Climate Crisis 31

3.2 Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases 36

3.3 The Loss of Biodiversity 39

3.3.1 Habitat Loss 40

3.3.2 Pollution 41

3.3.3 Invasive Species 44

3.4 The Anthropocene and Inequality 46

3.4.1 Wealth and Income Inequality 46

3.4.2 Global Food Insecurity 48

3.4.3 Environmental Racism 49

3.5 Science Denial 51

3.6 Conclusion 52

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 53

Interview 54

Works Cited 56

Part II The One Health Triad 59

4 Environmental Health as One Health 61

4.1 Threats to Environmental Health 63

4.2 Pollution and Environmental Contamination 64

4.3 Habitat Loss and Land Use Alterations 68

4.4 Environmental Health and Health of the Future 70

4.5 Two Things Exacerbate Everything 71

4.5.1 Population Growth and Consumption 71

4.5.2 Climate Change 72

4.6 Things Can Get Better 72

4.7 Conclusion 74

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 74

Interview 75

Case Study 77

Works

Cited 79

5 Animal Health as One Health 81

5.1 Vulture Declines and One Health 83

5.2 Animals that Share Our Planet 85

5.3 How Do We Keep All Animals Healthy on a Changing Planet? 86

5.4 Threats to Animal Health on a Changing Planet 88

5.5 Conclusions 88

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 89

Interview 90

Case Study 91

Works Cited 93

6 Human Health as One Health 95

6.1 Human Health as One Health 96

6.2 Human Disease in the Context of One Health 98

6.2.1 Infectious Diseases 98

6.2.2 Disruption of Embryonic and Fetal Development 99

6.2.3 Diseases of Nourishment 100

6.2.4 Respiratory Disease 102

6.2.5 Cancer 104

6.3 Climate Change and Human Health 105

6.4 Going

Forward 105

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 107

Interview 107

Case Study 109

Works Cited 110

Part III Practitioners and Their Tools 113

7 The One Health Practitioner 115

7.1 Who Is a One Health Practitioner? 117

7.2 The Beauty of an Interdisciplinary, Team-Based Approach 119

7.2.1 Problem Solving 119

7.2.2 One Health Is Anticipatory 120

7.3 Occupational Opportunities in One Health 120

7.3.1 The One Health Triad 120

7.3.2 One Health Practitioners and Their Tools 121

7.3.3 How to Start a Movement 122

7.3.4 The Humanity of Science 122

7.4 The Citizen Practitioner 123

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 124

Interview 124

Case Study 126

Works Cited 127

8 Essential Tools for One Health Practitioners 129

8.1 Why We Need One Health Tools 131

8.2 The Tools of One Health 132

8.2.1 The Tangible: Hard Tools of One Health 132

8.2.2 People Power: The Intangible Tools of One Health 134

8.2.3 Disease Risk Analyses: Linking the Tangible with the Intangible Tools of One Health 138

8.3 Tools to Help Start a One Health Movement 140

8.4 Conclusions 141

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 141

Interview 142

Case Study 144

Works Cited 145

Part IV How to Start a Movement 147

9 Education and Critical Thinking in One Health 149

9.1 Higher Education and One Health 151

9.2 One Health Practitioners as Educators 153

9.3 Conclusions 158

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 158

Interview 159

Case Study 160

Works Cited 161

10 Communication and Advocacy in One Health 163

10.1 A Hole in the Ozone 163

10.2 Scientific Communication 165

10.3 Science Denial and the Cautionary Language of Scientists 166

10.4 Communication as the Bridge-Building Tool of One Health 168

10.5 Communication as Outreach 168

10.6 Citizen Science as One Health 171

10.7 Communication and Advocacy as a One Health Tool 172

10.8 Conclusion 174

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 174

Interview 175

Case Study 177

Works Cited 179

Part V The Humanities of One Health 181

11 Culture and Theology in One Health 183

11.1 Culture 185

11.2 Culture, Social Structure, and One Health 185

11.2.1 Poverty 185

11.2.2 Marginalization 186

11.2.3 Women and Gender Equity 186

11.3 Culture and Animal/Ecosystem One Health 187

11.4 Religion and One Health 189

11.5 Cultural and Religious Awareness and One Health 191

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 191

Interview 192

Case Study 193

Works Cited 194

12 Economics and One Health 197

12.1 Economics: The Connection Between Values and Behaviors 199

12.2 Cost and Externalities 200

12.3 The Cost and Value of Life 201

12.4 The Conundrum of Economics and the Environment 204

12.5 Business and Sustainability: Patagonia 205

12.6 Business and Sustainability: New Belgium Brewing 205

12.7 Global Economics and Planetary Health 206

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 207

Interview 208

Case Study 210

Works Cited 211

13 Politics and Policy of One Health 213

13.1 What Do We Mean by the Politics of One Health? 215

13.2 How a Health Issue May Become a Political Issue 216

13.3 Political Differences, Realities, and Challenges 217

13.4 Key Local, National, and International One Health Organizations and Movements 218

13.5 Environmental/Biodiversity 218

13.5.1 International Climate Accord 218

13.5.2 International Union for the Conservation of Nature 218

13.5.3 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 219

13.5.4 United States Environmental Protection Agency 219

13.6 Animal and Human Health 219

13.6.1 World Health Organization 219

13.6.2 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 220

13.6.3 The World Organization for Animal Health 220

13.6.4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 220

13.7 Approaching Health Policies Through the One Health Lens 221

13.8 Call to Action - Advocacy, Policy, and Politics 221

13.9 Conclusions 223

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 223

Interview 224

Case Study 226

Works Cited 227

Part VI Where Do We Go From Here? 229

14 Working in a Global Environment 231

14.1 Think Globally, Act Locally, and the Butterfly Effect 232

14.2 How a Global Environment Fits in One Health 233

14.3 Education and Skills Needed to Work and Thrive in a Global World 235

14.4 How To Be a One Health Practitioner in a Global Environment 238

14.5 International Programs, Policies, and Laws for One Health in the Global Environment 239

14.6 Conclusion 240

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 242

Interview 243

Case Study 245

Works Cited 245

15 The Past and Future of One Health 247

15.1 The Lesson of Easter Island 248

15.2 One Health in History 249

15.3 How One Health Became One Health 249

15.4 Our Futures 250

15.5 Our Current Actions Establish the Path 252

15.6 The Ethics of Our Decisions 252

15.7 Conclusions 252

End of Chapter Questions & Activities 252

Interview 253

Works Cited 255

Glossary 257

Index 267

Elizabeth A. Rayhel, PhD, is Professor and member of the Center for One Health at Fontbonne University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA.