Drug Therapy for Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat (eBook)
328 Seiten
Wiley-Blackwell (Verlag)
978-1-118-55745-7 (ISBN)
- Provides fast access to essential information on prescribing antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasitics, and antivirals
- Offers alphabetical searching by either drug or organism
- Focuses on clinically relevant information
- Covers information on each drug using a common format for ease of use
- Presents a reliable quick reference to the correct use of antibiotics in veterinary practice
Valerie J. Wiebe, Pharm. D, FSVHP, Dip. ICVP, is the Director of Pharmacy at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, where she has an appointment as Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine, in Davis, California, USA. She also maintains an adjunct Clinical Professorship at the University of San Francisco, Department of Pharmacy, in San Francisco, California, USA.
Valerie J. Wiebe, Pharm. D, FSVHP, Dip. ICVP, is the Director of Pharmacy at the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, where she has an appointment as Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine, in Davis, California, USA. She also maintains an adjunct Clinical Professorship at the University of San Francisco, Department of Pharmacy, in San Francisco, California, USA.
Preface ix
Acknowledgments x
Section A: Pharmacology Guidelines
1 Understanding Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) 1
2 Static versus Cidal Antibiotics 1
3 In Vitro versus In Vivo Efficacy 2
4 Approaching Infectious Disease Cases 2
5 Why Antibiotics Fail 4
6 Adjusting Doses in Renal Failure 5
7 Pregnancy Risk Categories 6
8 Lactation Guidelines: Penetration of Drugs into Milk 7
9 Safe Writing Skills 7
10 Basic Math Skills 8
Section B: Empiric Therapy Pending Diagnostic Results
11 Arthritis Osteomyelitis 9
12 Bacteremia and Sepsis 10
13 Central Nervous System Infections (Meningitis) 11
14 Endocarditis (Bacterial) 12
15 Intra-Abdominal Infections 13
16 Neonatal Infections 14
17 Infections Associated with Neutropenia 15
18 Otitis Externa and Otitis Media 15
19 Pancreatitis 16
20 Peritonitis and Abscesses 17
21 Pneumonia/Bronchitis 18
22 Prostatitis 19
23 Pyothorax Infections 20
24 Sinus Infections 20
25 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections 21
26 Urinary Tract Infections 22
Section C: Therapy of Established Infections
27 Acanthamoeba 25
28 Acinetobacter 26
29 Actinomyces 27
30 Adenovirus (Infectious Canine Hepatitis) 28
31 Aelurostrongylus Abstrusus (Feline Lungworm) 29
32 Anaerobic Species (Bacteroides and Provotella) 30
33 Anaplasma Species 30
34 Ancylostoma Species (Hookworms) 31
35 Ascaris Species (Roundworms) 32
36 Aspergillus Species 33
37 Babesia Species 35
38 Bartonella Species (Cat Scratch Disease) 36
39 Blastomycosis 37
40 Bordetella Bronchiseptica (Kennel Cough) 38
41 Borrelia Burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) 39
42 Brucella (Canine Brucellosis) 40
43 Calicivirus 42
44 Campylobacter Species 43
45 Candida Species 43
46 Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) 44
47 Capillaria Aerophila (Lungworm) 45
48 Cestode Species (Tapeworms) 46
49 Cheyletiella Species (Walking Dandruff) 47
50 Chlamydia Species 48
51 Citrobacter Species 49
52 Clostridium Difficile 50
53 Clostridium Tetani/Botulinum 51
54 Coccidiomycosis 52
55 Corynebacterium Species 53
56 Coxiellosis Species (Q Fever) 54
57 Cryptococcus Species 55
58 Cryptosporidium Species 56
59 Ctenocephalides Species (Fleas) 56
60 Cuterebra Species (Botfly Larvae) 57
61 Cytauxzoon Felis 59
62 Dematiaceous Fungi (Phaeohypomycosis Chromoblastomycosis) 59
63 Demodex Canis/Felis (Red Mange) 60
64 Dermatophytosis 61
65 Dipylidium Caninum (Flea Tapeworm) 62
66 Dirofilaria Immitis (Heartworm) 63
67 Distemper (Canine) 64
68 Ehrlichia Species 65
69 Entamoeba Histolytica 66
70 Enterobacter Species 67
71 Enterococcus 68
72 Erysipelothrix Species 69
73 Escherichia Coli (Enterotoxigenic/Enterohemorrhagic) 70
74 Eschericha Coli (Nonenterohemorrhagic) 71
75 Feline Coronovirus (Feline Infectious Peritonitis: FIP) 72
76 Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) 73
77 Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) 74
78 Feline Panleukopenia Virus 75
79 Francisella Tularensis (Tularemia) 75
80 Fusarium Species 76
81 Giardia Species 77
82 Helicobacter Species 78
83 Hepatozoon Americanum/Canis (Hepatozoonosis) 79
84 Herpes Virus (Canine) 80
85 Histoplasma Capsulatum 80
86 Hyalohyphomycosis (Paecilomyces/Scedosporium) 81
87 Isospora Species 82
88 Klebsiella Species 83
89 Leishmaniosis 84
90 Leptospira Species 85
91 Lice 86
92 Malassezia 87
93 Microsporidia 88
94 Mucor Species 89
95 Mycobacterium Species 90
96 Mycoplasma Species 91
97 Myiasis (Maggots) 92
98 Neospora Caninum 92
99 Neorickettsia Helminthoeca 93
100 Nocardia Species 94
101 Otodectes Cynotis (Otodectic Mange) 95
102 Papilloma Virus 96
103 Paragonimus Species (Liver Flukes) 97
104 Parvovirus 97
105 Pasteurella Species 98
106 Poxvirus 99
107 Proteus Species 100
108 Prototheca Species 101
109 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 102
110 Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's Disease) 103
111 Rabies Virus 104
112 Rhodococcus Equi 104
113 Rickettsia Rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) 105
114 Salmonella Species 106
115 Sarcoptes Scabiei (Sarcoptic Mange) 107
116 Serratia Species 108
117 Shigella Species 109
118 Sporothrix Species 110
119 Staphylococcus Species 111
120 Streptococcus Species 112
121 Strongyloides Species (Threadworms) 113
122 Toxocara Canis/Cati 114
123 Toxoplasma Gondii (Toxoplasmosis) 115
124 Trichomonas Species 115
125 Yersinia Pestis (Plaque) 116
Section D: Antibiotics
126 Amikacin 118
127 Amoxicillin 120
128 Ampicillin 122
129 Azithromycin 124
130 Cefadroxil 126
131 Cefazolin 128
132 Cefdinir 130
133 Cefepime 132
134 Cefotaxime 134
135 Cefovecin 136
136 Cefoxitin 138
137 Cefpodoxime 140
138 Ceftazidime 142
139 Ceftiofur 143
140 Cefuroxime 145
141 Cephalexin 147
142 Chloramphenicol 149
143 Ciprofloxacin 151
144 Clarithromycin 153
145 Clavamox 155
146 Clindamycin 157
147 Dicloxacillin 159
148 Doxycycline 161
149 Enrofloxacin 163
150 Erythromycin 166
151 Florfenicol 168
152 Gentamicin 170
153 Imipenem and Cilastatin 172
154 Linezolid 174
155 Marbofloxacin 176
156 Meropenem 178
157 Metronidazole 180
158 Minocycline 182
159 Nitrofurantoin 185
160 Orbifloxacin 187
161 Oxytetracycline 189
162 Penicillin 191
163 Pradofloxacin 193
164 Rifampin 195
165 Potentiated Sulfas 197
166 Timentin 200
167 Tobramycin 202
168 Tylosin 204
169 Unasyn 206
170 Vancomycin 208
171 Zosyn 211
Section E: Antifungal Agents
172 Amphotericin B 221
173 Caspofungin 224
174 Clotrimazole 226
175 Enilconazole 228
176 Fluconazole 230
177 Flucytosine 232
178 Itraconazole 234
179 Ketoconazole 237
180 Posaconazole 239
181 Terbinafine 241
182 Voriconazole 243
Section F: Antiparasitic Agents
183 Albendazole 247
184 Atovaquone 249
185 Fenbendazole 251
186 Fipronil 253
187 Imidacloprid 255
188 Imidocarb Dipropionate 257
189 Ivermectin 259
190 Lufenuron 262
191 Meglumine Antimoniate 263
192 Melarsomine 265
193 Miltefosine 268
194 Milbemycin Oxime 269
195 Moxidectin 272
196 Nitazoxanide 274
197 Nitenpyram 276
198 Ponazuril (Toltrazuril Sulfone) 278
199 Praziquantel 280
200 Primaquine Phosphate 282
201 Pyrantel Pamoate 283
202 Ronidazole 285
203 Selamectin 287
204 Spinosid 289
205 Sulfadimethoxine 291
206 Tinidazole 294
Section G: Antiviral Agents
207 Acyclovir 297
208 Famciclovir 299
209 Cidofovir 301
210 Idoxuridine 302
211 Oseltamivir 304
212 Vidarabine 306
213 Zidovudine 307
Index 310
"Overall, I found this book to be a useful clinical handbook well worth the price. It is recommended as a practical clinical reference for small animal practitioners with limited experience in the area of infectious disease or veterinary students interested in learning clinical information necessary to effectively treat dogs and cats with common infectious diseases." (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 15 December 2015)
"A very useful tool to enrich whatever formulary may be lying in the consulting room." (Vet Nurses Today, 1 October 2015)
"This book is quite unique in its systematic and logic structure and is a welcome addendum to current literature in this topic." (EJCAP 2016)
"From diagnosis and dosages to risk factors and resources for further reading in professional veterinary publications, all the guidelines and details are written with clinical settings in mind, making this a top office pick." (Midwest Book Review 2016)
SECTION A
Pharmacology Guidelines
Chapter 1: Understanding Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs)
The National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) help to determine the susceptibility testing guidelines for most common organisms and antimicrobial agents in each species. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranges for sensitive organisms are then set for specific antibiotics. To obtain an MIC for a bacteria, antibiotic concentrations are doubled in concentrations between the range of 0.06–512 μg/mL (0.06, 0.12, 0.25, etc.) to determine the susceptibility of bacteria. As antibiotic concentrations are increased, bacteria stop dividing or are killed. Bacteria that continue to proliferate at concentrations that are inhibitory for the same species are considered resistant. Typically, laboratories report susceptibilities as sensitive, intermediately sensitive or resistant to a particular antibiotic. In general, if a bacterium is resistant to an antibiotic in vitro, it should not be considered for in vivo (clinical) use. If an organism is considered to have “intermediate” sensitivity to an antibiotic the antibiotic may still be efficacious in vivo (clinically) in situations where high concentrations can be achieved (urine, topical therapy). If bacteria are susceptible to a particular antibiotic then it may be useful in vivo (clinically) if other variables are favorable (pharmacokinetics, toxicity, penetration to the site of action, etc.). When comparing between antibiotics that are both sensitive, the “breakpoint” must be considered. The breakpoint is also set by the National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards. The breakpoint is the concentration of antibiotic that cannot be exceeded in vivo (clinically) due to its pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The greater the difference between the MIC of the organism and the breakpoint helps to determine which antibiotic may be more efficacious.
Chapter 2: Static versus Cidal Antibiotics
The definitions of “bacteriostatic” and “bactericidal” antibiotics appear to be straightforward. A “bacteriostatic” antibiotic implies that it only produces “static” effects on bacteria versus a “bactericidal” antibiotic that kills the organisms. However, these categories are not absolute and drugs can act as either “static” or “cidal” under different conditions. Their mechanism of action may be influenced by growth conditions, bacterial density, test duration, and extent of reduction in bacterial numbers. Often agents that are “cidal” may fail to kill every organism in a large inoculum within 18–24 h. Furthermore, agents that are “static” may only kill some bacteria over 18–24 h, but may continue to kill organisms after the test period, but not enough to be called “cidal” (>99.9% in 24 h). Clinically, this is even more arbitrary. Most antibacterials are better described as potentially being both bactericidal and bacteriostatic depending on the organism and the concentrations achieved at the site of action. For theoretical purposes the following description of each is presented.
Bacteriostatic
For bacteriostatic antibiotics (those that prevent growth) the percent time that serum antibiotic concentrations are above the MIC of the organism should be >50% for most patients or closer to 100% for severely ill patients with immunosuppression or with debilitated patients. The dose here can remain the same but the dosing frequency can be increased to improve efficacy (i.e., from BID to TID). These are considered time dependent antibiotics. This differs from concentration dependent (or dose dependent) antibiotics that are considered “cidal”. Examples of antibiotics categorized primarily as bacteriostatic agents include: Chloramphenicol, macrolides, tetracyclines, clindamycin, linezolide, and rifampin.
Bactericidal
For bactericidal antibiotics, the peak concentrations of antibiotic are important and should approximate 4–8 times the MIC concentrations of the organism. To maximize the clinical efficacy here, the dose must be increased and the frequency can stay the same. Examples of antibiotics that are considered bactericidal include: Aminoglycosides, penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems,vancomycin, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, and co-trimazole.
Chapter 3: In Vitro versus In Vivo Efficacy
In vitro culture and sensitivity will assist in antibiotic selection but may not always dictate in vivo efficacy. Many other factors also play a role in determining the in vivo outcome. Poor owner compliance, administration of an unstable compounded product, poor gastrointestinal absorption (altered formulation, drug/drug, drug/food interactions, variable gastrointestinal transit time, malabsorption, etc.) may all affect the ability of a drug to be absorbed. Following absorption, the distribution of drugs to the site of the infection may also be a challenge. Penetration of drugs into some physiological spaces including the eye, CNS, prostate, intracellular spaces, and into abscesses is often very difficult and is dependent on protein binding, lipophilicity, size, and degree of ionization of the drug molecule. A good example of this is the third generation cephalosporins. While all cephalosporins may appear to be effective judged on their MICs, if being used for CNS disease only cephalosporins with low protein binding can penetrate across the blood brain barrier in sufficient quantities to maintain therapeutic levels (Table 3.1). In addition, some organisms such as Staphylococcus spp. that appear to be sensitive in vitro to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMS) combinations are able to circumvent the drug in vivo by utilizing the host’s folate rendering the drug inactive. This is also true for Enterococcus spp. where both TMS and cephalosporins appear sensitive in vitro but should not be used clinically.
Table 3.1 Properties of Cephalosporins
| Class | Drugs | Route | Dose Adjustment* | CNS penetration | Organisms Covered |
| First Generation | Cefadroxil (Duricef) | PO | Yes | Primarily gram positives: Methacillin sensitive S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius, Grp A + B Streptococcus Some gram negatives: E. coli, Klebsiella, P. mirabilis No coverage of: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus, Enterococci or penicillin resistant Streptococcus. Anaerobic coverage: Poor, no B. fragilis coverage. |
| Cefazolin (Ancef, Kefzol) | IM/IV | Yes |
| Cephalexin (Keflex, Rilexine) | PO | Yes |
| Second Generation | Cefaclor (Ceclor) | PO | No | Gram positive coverage: Similar to first generation Gram negative coverage: Enhanced compared to 1st generation Anaerobic coverage: Some coverage with cefoxitin and cefotetan for B. fragilis |
| Cefoxitin (Mefoxin) | IM/IV | Yes |
| Cefuroxime (Ceftin, Zinacef) | PO/IM/IV | Yes |
| Third Generation | Cefdinir (Omnicef) | PO | Yes | Gram positive coverage: Maintains varying degrees of gram positive coverage Gram negative coverage: Enhanced coverage compared to 1st and 2nd generation agents. Covers: Citrobacter, Enterobacter Salmonella, Serratia, E. coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pasteurella, etc. Ceftazidime covers Pseudomonas, Enterobacter is often resistant. Ceftiofur covers Actinobacillus, Mannheimia Anaerobe coverage: Some anaerobe coverage. Only Ceftiofur covers Bacteroides and Fusobacterium No other agents cover Bacteroides |
| Cefixime (Suprax) | PO | Yes |
| Cefotaxime (Claforan) | IM/IV | Yes | +++ |
| Cefovecin (Convenia) | SC | Yes |
| Cefpodoxime (Simplicef, Vantin) | PO | Yes |
| Ceftazidime (Fortaz) | IM/IV | Yes | +++ |
| Ceftiofur (Naxcel) | IM/SC | Yes |
| Ceftriaxone (Rocephin) | IM/IV | Yes | +++ |
| Fourth Generation | Cefipime (Maxipime) | IM/IV | Yes | +++ | Gram positive coverage: Broad spectrum gram positive coverage Gram negative coverage: Broad spectrum gram negative coverage. Covers Pseudomonas similar to ceftazidime. Anaerobic coverage: Some coverage, no Bacteroides coverage |
| Fifth... |
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 11.5.2015 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie |
| Veterinärmedizin ► Klinische Fächer | |
| Veterinärmedizin ► Kleintier | |
| Schlagworte | Hundekrankheit • Katzenkrankheit • <p>Infectious disease, pharmacology, antibiotics, antifungals, antiparasitics, antivirals, virus, bacteria, roundworms, pinworms, ticks, mites, fleas, ringworms, tapeworms, dose, dosing, treatment, prescribing, dog, cat, canine, feline, small animal</p> • Pharmakologie • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Hunde u. Katzen • Veterinärmedizin / Mikrobiologie,Parasitologie,Infektionen,Immunologie • Veterinärmedizin / Pharmakologie, Toxikologie, Therapeutik • Veterinärmedizin • Veterinärmedizin / Hunde u. Katzen • Veterinärmedizin / Mikrobiologie,Parasitologie,Infektionen,Immunologie • Veterinärmedizin / Pharmakologie, Toxikologie, Therapeutik • Veterinary Medicine • Veterinary Medicine - Dogs & Cats • Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology,Infectious Diseases & Immunology • Veterinary Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics |
| ISBN-10 | 1-118-55745-X / 111855745X |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-118-55745-7 / 9781118557457 |
| Informationen gemäß Produktsicherheitsverordnung (GPSR) | |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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