Genotoxicology of N-Nitroso Compounds

1. Formation of N-Nitroso Compounds and Their Significance.- 2. N-Nitrosamine Mutagenicity Using the Salmonella/Mammalian-Microsome Mutagenicity Assay.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Mutagenic Activity and Chemical Structure.- 4. Conclusions / Discussion.- 5. References.- 3. Structural Basis for Mutagenic Activity of N-Nitrosamines in the Salmonella Histidine Reversion Assay.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Salmonella typhimurium—Histidine Reversion Assay.- 3. Mutagenesis Studies in Salmonella typhimurium.- 4. References.- 4. Effects of pH and Structure on the Mutagenic Activity of N-Nitroso Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods.- 3. Effects of pH on Mutagenesis and DNA Alkylation by N-Nitroso Compounds.- 4. Mutagenesis by N-Nitroso-N’-nitroso-N-alkylguanidines.- 5. Repair of O6-Methylguanine and Its Effect on Mutagenesis.- 6. Alternate Mechanisms of Mutagenesis by N-Nitroso Compounds.- 7. Mutagenesis by a Series of “Weakly Mutagenic” N-Nitrosamines: Effects of Structure.- 8. Correlation between Mutagenic Potencies and Carcinogenic Activities of Some N-Nitroso Compounds.- 9. References.- 5. Induction of Bacteriophage Lambda by N-Nitroso Compounds.- 1. Mechanism of Induction.- 2. Genetics and Methodology.- 3. Factors Affecting Induction by Nitroso Compounds.- 4. Structure-Activity Relationships.- 5. Relationships between Mutagenicity, Carcinogenicity, and Phage Induction.- 6. Mechanism of Action of Nitroso Compounds as Inducers of Bacteriophage Lambda.- 7. References.- 6. The Relationship between the Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity of Nitrosamines in a Hepatocyte-Mediated Mutagenicity Assay.- 7. Mutagenic Activity of Nitrosamines in Mammalian Cells: Study with the CHO/HGPRT and Human Leukocyte SCE Assays.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mutagenic Activity ofEight Nitrosamines in the CHO / HGPRT Assay.- 3. Mutagenic Activity of 15 Nitrosamines in the Human Leukocyte SCE Assay.- 4. Summary and Concluding Remarks.- 5. References.- 8. Dimethylnitrosamine Demethylase and the Mutagenicity of Dimethylnitrosamine: Effects of Rodent Liver Fractions and Dimethylsulfoxide.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results.- 4. Discussion.- 5. References.- 9. The Relationship between Metabolism and Mutagenicity of Two Cyclic Nitrosamines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 4. Conclusion.- 5. References.- 10. Structure—Activity Relations in Carcinogenesis by N-Nitroso Compounds.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nitrosoalkylamides.- 3. Alkylation by Nitrosamines.- 4. Nitrosomethylalkylamines (X).- 5. Substituted Acyclic Nitrosamines.- 6. Cyclic Nitrosamines.- 7. Substituted Cyclic Nitrosamines.- 8. Derivatives of Nitrosopiperidine.- 9. Conclusion.- 10. References.- 11. Comparison of Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Properties: A Critique.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tabular Summation and Integration of Results.- 3. Comparison of Mutagenic End Points.- 4. Relationship between Short-Term Test Results and Carcinogenicity.- 5. Precautions in Interpretation and Extrapolation.- 6. References.