Front Cover 1
Handbook of Equine Emergencies 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Preface 14
Acknowledgements 16
Dedication 18
Abbreviations and symbols 20
1 The basics 26
General approach to dealing with equine emergencies 26
Useful information and paperwork to have 27
Equipment 27
Horse handling and restraint 30
Communication with clients and legal records 30
Biosecurity 31
Dealing with other emergency services/rescue authorities 31
Referral of horses 32
Next time…. 32
Normal values and drug dosages (see formulary on http://www. 
32 
Appendix 36
Normal values for an equine adult 37
2 Wounds and other integumentary emergencies 41
Wounds 41
Advice to owner/agent prior to arrival 41
Initial first aid and history taking 41
Administer first aid as appropriate 41
Obtain a full history 41
Perform a full clinical examination 42
Initial physical examination 42
Perform a detailed examination of the wound(s) 42
Further assessment and treatment 44
Primary closure of wounds 50
Staples and suture materials 51
Drains 52
Wound dressings and bandaging 52
Second intention/delayed primary closure (tertiary healing) 52
Ongoing care 52
Analgesia/anti-inflammatory medication 52
Antimicrobial therapy 54
General aftercare 54
Urticaria 54
Clinical signs 54
Assessment and treatment (Fig. 2.11) 54
Cellulitis/lymphangitis 55
Clinical signs 56
Initial assessment 56
Treatment and prognosis 56
Burn injuries 57
Initial first aid and assessment 57
Perform wound management 59
Make a plan for ongoing treatment including wound management 59
Frostbite 60
Clinical signs 60
Treatment 60
Gunshot injuries 60
Initial assessment and treatment 61
References and further reading 61
3 Musculoskeletal emergencies 63
General approach to acute, severe lameness 63
Advice over the telephone 63
Initial assessment and first aid 64
Further assessment 64
Further diagnostic evaluation and aftercare 65
Solar abscess and nail bind 67
Clinical signs 67
Initial assessment and treatment 67
If an abscess cannot be found 68
Solar penetrations 68
Initial approach 68
Management of superficial foot penetrations 69
Further investigation and treatment of deep foot penetrations 69
Acute laminitis 70
Clinical signs 70
Initial assessment and treatment 70
Prognosis 72
Synovial sepsis 72
Clinical signs 72
Initial assessment 73
If involvement of a synovial structure is considered highly unlikely 73
If synovial sepsis is obvious or highly likely (Fig. 3.3) 73
Prognosis 75
Acute tendonitis 75
Clinical signs 75
Initial assessment and treatment 76
Further assessment and prognosis 77
Tendon lacerations, ruptures or displacements 77
Clinical signs 77
Initial assessment and first aid 77
Prognosis with surgical management 78
Fractures/joint luxations 78
Clinical signs 78
Initial first aid and assessment 78
Further assessment 80
Treatment and prognosis 80
Exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome (ERS) 80
Clinical signs 80
Initial assessment and treatment 80
Ongoing management 81
Prognosis 81
Atypical myopathy 81
Clinical signs 81
Initial assessment and first aid 81
Further evaluation 82
Prognosis 82
References and further reading 83
4 Oral and gastrointestinal emergencies 84
Colic 84
Epidemiology 84
Advice to the owner/carer 84
Initial assessment 85
Initial treatment and management 87
Ongoing management 90
Medical therapy for specific types of colic 90
Pelvic flexure impaction 90
Large colon displacement 90
Referral of horses with colic 91
Grain (carbohydrate) overload 91
Initial information to obtain 91
Assessment and treatment immediately after carbohydrate ingestion 91
Assessment and treatment of clinical signs that develop as a 
92 
Prognosis 92
Equine grass sickness (equine dysautonomia) 92
Clinical signs 93
Assessment and diagnosis 93
Treatment 93
Traumatic abdominal injuries 93
Potential sequelae following abdominal trauma 94
Initial assessment 94
Oesophageal obstruction (choke) 94
Clinical signs 94
Initial advice to the owner/carer 94
Initial evaluation 94
Initial treatment 95
Subsequent management of uncomplicated cases 95
Cases refractory to initial treatment on further examination 96
Advanced assessment and treatment of refractory cases 96
Prognosis 96
Oesophageal perforation/tears 96
Assessment 96
Prognosis 96
Acute diarrhoea 97
Assessment and initial treatment 97
Take samples for further investigations (see Table 4.4 for possible causes of diarrhoea) 98
Biosecurity 99
Initial treatment 99
Advanced treatment of severe cases 99
Peritonitis 100
Clinical signs 100
Diagnosis 100
Treatment and prognosis 100
Prognosis 101
Dysphagia 101
Initial assessment 101
Initial treatment 103
Further diagnostic tests 103
Mandibular and maxillary fractures 103
Clinical signs 103
Initial assessment 103
Further investigation and treatment 103
Lip and tongue lacerations 104
Lip 105
Assessment 105
Treatment 105
Tongue 105
Assessment 105
Treatment 105
Rectal prolapse 106
Possible causes of straining and rectal prolapse 106
Assessment and treatment 107
Treatment of types I, II and III rectal prolapse 107
Treatment of type IV rectal prolapse 108
Prognosis 108
Rectal tears 108
References and further reading 108
5 Respiratory emergencies 110
Respiratory distress (dyspnoea) 110
Advice to the owner/carer 110
Initial assessment and first aid 111
Further assessment following stabilisation 111
Treatment and further evaluation 112
Pneumonia/pleuropneumonia 113
Predisposing factors 113
Clinical signs 114
Diagnosis 114
Treatment and prognosis 114
Prognosis 115
Inhalational pneumonia 115
Treatment 115
Aspiration of liquid paraffin (mineral oil) 116
Prognosis 116
Pulmonary oedema 116
Clinical signs 116
Initial treatment 117
Further investigation and treatment 117
Acute exacerbation of RAO/SPAOPD 117
Initial treatment 117
Pneumothorax 118
First aid and assessment 118
Further assessment and treatment 118
Acute viral respiratory disease 118
Treatment 118
Retropharyngeal abscess 119
Clinical signs 119
Initial treatment 119
Guttural pouch empyema 120
Clinical signs 120
Initial first aid 120
Bilateral laryngeal paralysis 120
Clinical signs 121
Assessment and treatment 121
Tracheal collapse 121
Clinical signs 121
Diagnosis 121
Treatment 121
Tracheal ruptures/tears 122
Clinical signs 122
Assessment and treatment 122
Prognosis 122
Epistaxis 122
Initial assessment and treatment 122
Further assessment 123
Further management 124
Guttural pouch mycosis 124
Clinical signs 125
Initial assessment 125
Treatment 125
Rupture of the longus capitis muscles 125
Initial assessment 126
Treatment 126
Paranasal sinus trauma/skull fractures 126
Assessment and treatment 126
Further assessment 126
Lacerations of the nares 127
Assessment and treatment 127
Suture repair 127
Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage 128
Diagnosis and initial treatment 128
Foreign bodies 128
Clinical signs 128
Diagnosis and treatment 128
References and further reading 129
6 Ophthalmic emergencies 130
General approach 130
First aid 130
Assessment 131
Treatment 132
Ocular and periocular trauma 133
Initial approach 133
Eyelid lacerations 134
General points 134
Initial assessment 134
Treatment 135
Suturing of lacerations 135
Aftercare 137
Corneal lacerations 137
Initial assessment 137
Treatment 138
Orbital fractures 138
Initial approach 139
Treatment 140
Acute retinal detachment 140
Hyphaema 140
Initial investigation 140
Treatment 141
Corneal foreign bodies 141
Clinical signs 141
Treatment 141
Superficial foreign bodies 141
Deep/large or penetrating foreign bodies (Fig. 6.6) 141
Corneal ulceration (ulcerative keratitis) 141
Clinical signs 142
Initial diagnosis and assessment 142
Initial treatment 144
When to worry 144
Anterior uveitis 144
Clinical signs 145
Initial assessment 145
Initial treatment 145
When to worry 146
Acute blindness 146
Approach 146
Treatment 147
Acute exophthalmos 147
Clinical signs 148
Initial assessment 148
Treatment 148
Acute orbital cellulitis 149
Clinical signs 149
Initial assessment 149
Treatment 149
Glaucoma 150
Clinical signs of acute glaucoma 150
Treatment 150
Chemical injuries 150
Immediate first aid 151
Initial treatment 151
References and further reading 151
7 Neurological emergencies 152
Approach to neurological emergencies 152
General approach 152
Neurological examination 153
Assessment of the head and cranial nerves 154
Assessment of spinal reflexes and muscles 156
Dynamic assessment (if safe to perform/not recumbent) 156
Neurological examination of the recumbent horse 157
Assessment and plan 157
Traumatic injury to the CNS 157
General approach to management 160
Clinical signs 160
Head trauma 161
Spinal cord trauma (see Table 7.4) 161
Initial assessment and treatment 161
Initial treatment plan 162
Control pain and inflammation 162
Control cerebral oedema 162
Maintain systemic blood pressure 162
Maintain blood oxygen levels 162
Other treatment 162
Ongoing assessment and treatment 162
Cranial nerves 163
Peripheral nerve syndromes 163
General approach to treatment of acute-onset peripheral nerve syndromes 163
Ataxia 165
Initial stabilisation and assessment 165
Further assessment and treatment 167
Prognosis 168
Equine herpes myeloencephalitis 169
History, clinical signs and diagnosis 169
Treatment and prognosis 169
Seizures 169
Clinical signs 169
Advice to owner/carer over the telephone 170
Initial approach 171
Ongoing management and further assessment 171
Encephalitis 172
Management 172
Biosecurity and zoonotic risk 173
Meningitis 173
Clinical signs 173
Diagnosis and treatment 173
Tetanus 173
Clinical signs and progression 173
Diagnosis 174
Treatment 174
Eliminate the source of toxin 174
Neutralise unbound toxin and stimulate an immune reaction 174
Provide analgesia and control muscle spasms 175
Supportive and nursing care 175
Prognosis 175
Botulism 175
Clinical signs 175
Initial approach and diagnosis 176
Treatment and prognosis 176
References and further reading 177
8 Reproductive emergencies 178
Approach to emergencies in the pregnant/postpartum mare 178
Dystocia 179
Advice to client 179
Get there ASAP! 179
Initial assessment 181
Decide on the next course of action 181
Assisted vaginal delivery (AVD) 182
Controlled vaginal delivery (CVD) 182
Caesarean section 183
Embryotomy 183
If all else fails 183
Aftercare 183
Abortion/stillbirth 184
Action following abortion/stillbirth of unknown cause 184
Retained foetal membranes (RFM) 185
Initial assessment 185
Treatment 186
Metritis 186
Clinical signs 186
Initial assessment and treatment 186
Periparturient haemorrhage 187
Clinical signs 187
Initial approach 187
Stabilisation 188
Uterine torsion 188
Clinical signs 188
Diagnosis 188
Treatment 189
Uterine prolapse 189
Clinical signs 189
Advice to owner/carer over the telephone 190
Initial assessment and treatment 190
Replacement of the uterus within the abdomen 190
Aftercare 191
Uterine tears 191
Initial diagnosis and treatment 191
Vaginal tears 191
Initial assessment 192
Treatment 192
Perineal injuries 192
Mastitis 193
Clinical signs 193
Treatment 193
Failure of milk letdown 193
Postpartum eclampsia (lactation tetany) 193
Clinical signs 193
Diagnosis and treatment 194
Prepubic tendon rupture and body wall hernias 194
Clinical signs 194
Diagnosis and treatment 194
Hydrops conditions 194
Clinical signs 195
Diagnosis and management 195
Trauma to the penis and prepuce 196
Clinical signs 196
Assessment and treatment 196
Penile prolapse, priapism and paraphimosis 196
Priapism 196
Penile prolapse following sedation 197
Paraphimosis 197
Inguinal herniation 198
Clinical signs 198
Diagnosis 198
Treatment 199
Torsion of the spermatic cord 199
Diagnosis 199
Treatment 199
References and further reading 199
9 Urinary tract emergencies 201
Acute urine discoloration 201
Possible causes of urine discoloration 201
Initial approach 202
Further investigation and treatment 202
Further assessment and treatment 204
Acute renal failure (ARF) 204
Pathogenesis 205
Clinical signs 205
Initial assessment and diagnosis 205
Urinary tract obstruction 206
Clinical signs 206
Initial approach 206
Further evaluation and treatment 207
Bladder eversion 207
Clinical signs 207
Treatment 207
Aftercare 207
Bladder displacement/prolapse 208
Clinical signs 208
Diagnosis and treatment 208
Ruptured bladder 209
Acute-onset urinary incontinence 209
References and further reading 209
10 Cardiovascular emergencies 210
Cardiac arrest 210
Severe haemorrhage 211
Clinical signs 211
Advice to the owner/carer 212
Initial first aid 212
Further assessment and treatment 214
Cardiac dysrhythmias 215
Initial assessment 215
Initial treatment 217
Further investigation and treatment 217
Heart failure 217
Clinical signs 218
Approach 219
Further assessment and treatment 219
Prognosis 220
Endocarditis 220
Clinical signs 220
Initial approach 220
Further assessment and treatment 221
Prognosis 221
Pericarditis/pericardial effusion 221
Clinical signs 222
Initial approach 222
Further evaluation and treatment 222
Acute haemolytic anaemia 222
Clinical signs 224
Initial assessment 224
Further investigation and treatment 224
Vasculitis 224
Clinical signs 225
Possible causes 225
Diagnosis and treatment (Fig. 10.5) 225
References and further reading 226
11 Hepatic, endocrine and metabolic emergencies 227
Acute hepatic disease 227
Clinical signs of hepatic encephalopathy 228
Initial assessment 228
Initial treatment for hepatic encephalopathy (if present) 230
Initial supportive treatment 230
Ongoing monitoring and treatment 230
Prognosis 230
Hyperlipaemia 231
Pathogenesis 231
Clinical signs 232
Diagnosis 232
Initial assessment 232
Management of mild/suspected cases of early hyperlipaemia 233
Advanced care of cases with severe clinical signs and no GIT motility 233
Severe starvation 234
Clinical signs 234
Initial assessment and first aid treatment 234
Initial nutrition of the emaciated horse following chronic starvation 235
Ongoing care and monitoring 236
Prognosis 236
Exhaustion syndrome 236
Clinical signs 237
Diagnosis 237
Initial treatment 237
Treatment of more severe cases: 238
Prognosis 238
Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter/thumps 239
Clinical signs 239
Diagnosis and treatment 239
Hyperthermia (heat stress/heat stroke) 239
Clinical signs 239
Diagnosis 240
Treatment 240
Hypothermia 241
Clinical signs 241
Treatment 241
References and further reading 241
12 Emergencies in foals 243
The basics 243
Handling and clinical examination 244
Medications 244
Sedation 244
< 4 weeks old
> 4 weeks old
Emergency anaesthesia 247
Resuscitation of the neonatal foal 247
Foals that are more likely to require CPR 247
What next? 249
The sick neonatal foal 249
High-risk foals 250
History 250
Initial clinical assessment 250
Initial treatment 250
Monitoring and ongoing care 253
Referral of the sick foal 255
Prematurity/dysmaturity 255
Clinical signs 255
Treatment 255
Failure of passive transfer of immunity 255
Treatment 256
Septicaemia 256
Clinical signs 256
Initial assessment and treatment 257
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome (perinatal asphyxia syndrome) 257
Clinical signs 257
Mild 257
More severe 258
Initial assessment and treatment 258
Ongoing treatment and prognosis 258
Severe flexural limb deformities 258
Septic arthritis 260
Clinical signs 260
Diagnosis 260
Treatment 260
Prognosis 260
Colic 260
Possible causes 261
Initial assessment 261
Assessment and plan 262
Diarrhoea 262
Initial treatment and diagnostic investigations 262
Ongoing treatment 263
Respiratory distress 263
Possible causes 263
Initial assessment and first aid treatment 264
Rib fractures 264
Clinical signs 264
Diagnosis 264
Treatment 264
Guttural pouch tympany 264
Seizures 265
Clinical signs 265
Mild 265
Severe 265
Possible causes 265
Control seizures 265
Treatment 266
Prognosis 266
Recumbency/collapse 266
Shaker foal syndrome (toxicoinfectious botulism) 266
Clinical signs 266
Diagnosis 267
Treatment 267
Uroperitoneum 267
Clinical signs 267
Diagnosis 267
Treatment 267
Neonatal isoerythrolysis 267
Clinical signs 268
Assessment and diagnosis 268
Treatment 269
Maternal rejection 269
Factors that increase the risk of rejection 269
Initial approach 269
Emergency management of the orphan foal 270
References and further reading 270
13 Emergencies in donkeys and mules 272
The basics 272
General points 272
Some useful facts 273
Normal clinical values (Table 13.1) 273
Haematology and biochemistry 274
Clinical examination and techniques 274
Handling 274
Injections and blood sampling 274
Nasogastric intubation 274
Rectal examination 274
Medications 275
Sedation 275
Sedation of needle-shy/difficult-to-handle donkeys and mules 276
Epidural anaesthesia 276
General anaesthesia in emergency situations 276
General anaesthesia 276
Emergency anaesthetic protocols 276
Overview of emergency conditions 277
The dull donkey 280
History 280
Clinical examination 281
Initial treatment 281
Laminitis 281
Colic 282
Epidemiology 282
Clinical examination 282
Treatment 282
Typhlocolitis 283
Clinical signs 283
Diagnostic features 283
Prognosis 283
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 283
Clinical signs 283
Mild 283
Acute, severe 283
Diagnosis 284
Treatment 284
Ongoing management 284
References and further reading 284
14 Iatrogenic emergencies 286
General approach 286
Rectal tears 287
Initial assessment and first aid 287
Further assessment and treatment 288
Complications following nasogastric intubation 289
Epistaxis 289
Inhalational pneumonia 289
Oesophageal perforation 290
Complications following castration 290
Post-castration haemorrhage 290
Evisceration 291
Initial advice to the owner (Fig. 14.2) 291
Initial assessment and treatment 291
Where referral is an option 292
Omental prolapse 292
Adverse drug reactions 292
Diagnosis and treatment 292
Anaphylaxis 295
Intracarotid drug administration 295
Clinical signs 295
Treatment 296
Perivascular injections 296
Treatment 296
Injection site abscesses 296
Treatment 296
Iatrogenic synovial sepsis 297
Clinical signs 297
Diagnosis and treatment 297
Broken needles 297
What to do if a needle breaks 297
Broken intravenous catheters 298
What to do if a catheter breaks 298
Air embolism 298
Clinical signs 298
Treatment 298
Complications encountered during field anaesthesia 298
References and further reading 299
15 Infectious diseases 301
Overview 301
General points to consider 301
Useful sources of information 302
Notifiable diseases 303
Global coordination of equine infectious diseases – OIE 303
National/regional regulations 303
Notifiable diseases in the UK 303
Zoonotic diseases 303
Bioterrorism 304
Approach to management of an outbreak of suspected infectious 
304 
Identify the problem and potential pathogens that may be involved 315
Implement immediate steps to manage the problem 316
Confirm the diagnosis 318
Implement ongoing management and disease investigation 318
References and further reading 319
16 Poisoning, bites and stings 320
General approach to suspected poisoning 320
Situations that may increase suspicion of potential poisoning 320
Initial advice to owner/carer 321
Initial assessment and first aid 321
Further investigation 322
Treatment plan 328
Where contact poisoning has occurred 328
Ingested toxins 328
Increase toxin elimination 328
Antidotes 328
Ongoing supportive care and treatment 328
Snake bites 329
General points about snake bites 329
Clinical signs 329
Immediate first aid 329
Further assessment and treatment 330
Antivenin treatment 331
Prognosis 331
Insect bites 331
Stinging nettles 331
References and further reading 332
17 Other specific emergency situations 333
Trapped horses 333
Prior to arriving at the scene 334
On arrival at the scene 335
Techniques for freeing trapped horses 336
Following freeing of the horse 336
Collapsed/recumbent horse 338
Control the situation and administer first aid 339
Further clinical assessment 339
Make an assessment and initial treatment plan 340
Further investigations and treatment/prognosis 342
Electrocution 342
Clinical signs 342
Treatment 342
Lightning strikes 342
Clinical signs 342
Treatment 343
Fires and smoke inhalation injury 343
Initial assessment and first aid treatment 343
Further assessment and ongoing care 344
Flood injuries and near drowning 344
Initial first aid and assessment 344
Further evaluation 345
Dealing with the emergency welfare case 346
Key points to consider 346
Initial assessment 346
Photographic records 347
Further assessment 347
Take any relevant samples 348
Decide on next course of action 348
Ongoing care of the horse/horses 348
Removal (seizure) of horses 348
Euthanasia 349
Post-mortem examination 349
Actions to be taken following examination 349
References and further reading 349
18 Other essentials 351
Sudden death 351
Approach to investigation 351
Euthanasia and insurance issues 353
General points 353
Guidelines issued for euthanasia 353
What to do when performing euthanasia in the insured horse 355
Preparation for dealing with emergencies at competitions 355
Dealing with emergencies at equine competition brings a 
355 
Initial arrangements 355
Preparation prior to the event 357
On the day 357
During the event 358
At the end of the event 358
Extreme floods/high winds 359
Wildfires – if there is a known, impending risk 359
Where a wildfire is close-by 359
Extreme cold weather 359
Disaster preparedness/dealing with adverse weather conditions 359
References and further reading 360
19 How to… 361
Perform injections/blood sampling 362
Locations for IM injections 362
Equipment for IM injections 362
Technique for IM injections 362
Location for IV injections 362
Equipment for IV injections 362
Technique for IV injections 362
Blood sampling 363
Pass a nasogastric tube 364
Equipment 364
Procedure 364
Complications 365
Normal findings/quantity of fluid to administer 365
Perform abdominocentesis 366
Contraindications 366
Equipment 366
Procedure 366
Normal peritoneal fluid 368
Abnormal peritoneal fluid 368
Perform a rectal examination 369
Contraindications/increased risk of rectal tears 369
Equipment 369
Procedure 369
Assessment of rectal findings 369
Complications 370
Perform synoviocentesis in cases of suspected synovial sepsis 371
Contraindications 371
Equipment 371
Procedure 372
Evaluation of synovial fluid 372
Synoviocentesis of selected synovial structures 373
Metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint 373
Digital flexor tendon sheath 375
Antebrachiocarpal and middle carpal joints 377
Tarsocrural joint 380
Perform a tracheotomy 381
Equipment 381
Procedure 381
Sedate a fractious/dangerous horse 383
Horses that are difficult to inject IV 383
IM sedative mixture 383
Horses that are difficult to inject IM 384
Oral detomidine 384
Remote injection using a pole syringe 384
Remote injection 384
Impossible to catch/restrain 385
Emergency reversal of sedation 385
Use sedation infusions 385
Equipment 385
Detomidine infusion 385
Xylazine infusion 385
Anaesthetise a horse in an emergency 386
Equipment 386
Factors to consider beforehand 386
Anaesthetic protocol 386
Sedation/premedication 386
Induction of anaesthesia 386
Maintenance of anaesthesia 386
'Triple drip' combinations 387
Inhalational anaesthesia 387
Other considerations 387
Perform caudal epidural anaesthesia 387
Equipment 387
What to inject 387
Technique 387
Perform local anaesthetic nerve blocks of the head 390
Equipment 390
Choice of nerve block 391
Auriculopalpebral nerve block 392
Supraorbital/frontal nerve block 392
Infraorbital nerve block 393
Mental nerve block 395
Infratrochlear nerve block 396
Lacrimal nerve block 397
Zygomatic nerve block 397
Place an IV catheter 397
Equipment 397
Which catheter to use 397
Where to place 398
How to place 398
What not to do 398
Complications 399
Administer IV fluids in the field 399
Equipment 399
Administering fluids 399
Work out how much and what types of fluid to administer 400
Perform a blood/plasma transfusion 401
Equipment/materials 401
Obtain blood/plasma 401
Donor horse 401
Plasma 402
± Cross-match blood (see texts) 402
How much blood to give 403
How to give 403
Place a subpalpebral lavage system 404
Equipment 404
Technique 404
Maintenance and removal 405
Bandage a limb and foot 407
Equipment 407
Technique 407
Foot dressings 408
Place a Robert Jones bandage and splints on a limb with a 
408 
Equipment 408
Technique 408
Isolate a potentially infectious horse 412
Facilities/equipment 412
Ensure that all personnel know the procedures for isolation 412
Cleaning/disinfection 412
Perform euthanasia 412
Checklist before performing euthanasia 412
Performing euthanasia 413
Examine a placenta and investigate a case of abortion/stillbirth 413
Examination of the placenta 413
Post-mortem examination of foetus/neonate 416
Perform a field post-mortem 417
Issues to consider prior to proceeding 417
Initial procedure 418
External examination 419
Internal examination 419
Where lesion(s) are identified document: 420
Samples to take 420
References and further reading 420
Index 422