Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds

Carter T. Atkinson , Ph.D., is a research microbiologist with the U. S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center. His research focuses on protozoan parasites of vertebrates, particularly birds, with a recent emphasis on the effects of introduced avian malaria on Hawaiian forest birds. Nancy J. Thomas, DVM, MS, Diplomate, American College of Veterinary Pathologists, is an endangered species specialist for the U. S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center. She has more than 20 years of experience in diagnostic pathology and research on wild bird diseases. D. Bruce Hunter , DVM, MSC, is a professor in the Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph. His specialty encompasses avian, fur-bearing, and wildlife pathology and ecosystem health. His research interests have included infectious diseases in commercial poultry, West Nile Virus in owls, and diseases of mink.

Preface vii Contributors ix Section I Introduction 1. Parasitism: Costs and Effects 3 Gary A. Wobeser Section II Protozoa 2. Haemoproteus 13 Carter T. Atkinson 3. Avian Malaria 35 Carter T. Atkinson 4. Leucocytozoonosis 54 Donald J. Forrester and Ellis C. Greiner 5. Isospora, Atoxoplasma , and Sarcocystis 108 Ellis C. Greiner 6. Trichomonosis 120 Donald J. Forrester and Garry W. Foster 7. Histomonas 154 William R. Davidson 8. Eimeria 162 Michael J. Yabsley 9. Disseminated Visceral Coccidiosis in Cranes 181 Marilyn G. Spalding, James W. Carpenter, and Meliton N. Novilla 10. Cryptosporidium 195 David S. Lindsay and Byron L. Blagburn 11. Toxoplasma 204 J. P. Dubey Section III Helminths 12. Trematodes 225 Jane E. Huffman 13. Schistosomes 246 Jane E. Huffman and Bernard Fried 14. Cestodes 261 J. Daniel McLaughlin 15. Acanthocephala 277 Dennis J. Richardson and Brent B. Nickol 16. Eustrongylidosis 289 Marilyn G. Spalding and Donald J. Forrester 17. Trichostrongylus 316 Daniel M. Tompkins 18. Dispharynx, Echinuria , and Streptocara 326 Ramon A. Carreno 19. Tracheal Worms 343 M. A. Fernando and John R. Barta 20. Amidostomum and Epomidiostomum 355 Alan M. Fedynich and Nancy J. Thomas 21. Tetrameridosis 376 John M. Kinsella and Donald J. Forrester 22. Avioserpensosis 384 John M. Kinsella 23. Heterakis and Ascaridia 388 Alan M. Fedynich 24. Ascaridoid Nematodes: Contracaecum, Porrocaecum , and Baylisascaris 413 Hans-Peter Fagerholm and Robin M. Overstreet 25. Diplotriaena, Serratospiculum, and Serratospiculoides 434 Mauritz C. Sterner III and Rebecca A. Cole 26. Filarioid Nematodes 439 Cheryl M. Bartlett 27. Capillarid Nematodes 463 Michael J. Yabsley Section IV Leeches 28. Leech Parasites of Birds 501 Ronald W. Davies, Fredric R. Govedich, and William E. Moser Section V Arthropods 29. Phthiraptera, the Chewing Lice 515 Dale H. Clayton, Richard J. Adams, and Sarah E. Bush 30. Acariasis 527 Danny B. Pence 31. Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) 537 Douglas C. Currie and D. Bruce Hunter 32. Myiasis in Wild Birds 546 Susan E. Little Index 557