Acoustical Holography

1 Symposium Summary.- 2 Progress in Acoustical Holography.- Liquid-Surface Deformation.- A Unified Theory of Holography.- New Developments in Scanned or Sampled Holograms.- Reciprocal Holograms.- Simultaneous Scanning with Source and Detector.- Bragg Diffraction, or Direct Interaction of Light and Sound.- Conclusion.- References.- 3 On The Theory of Acoustical Imaging.- The Ray Theory of Acoustics.- Pseudorays.- Characteristics of Pseudorays.- The Step Response.- Asymptotic Solution of Wave Equation.- Propagation in Dispersive Media.- The Equation of the Pseudoray.- Transfer Matrix for Pseudorays.- References.- 4 Eikonal Theory of Bragg-Diffraction Imaging.- The Eikonal Equation for the Scattered Field.- Application to Two-Dimensional Imaging.- References.- 5 Liquid-Crystal Detectors.- Sensitivity.- Types of Detectors.- Summary.- References.- 6 Large-Aperture Acoustical Image Converters.- The Continuous-Wave Sokolov Image Converter.- Desirability of Increased Aperture.- Limitations on Increased Apertures in the AIC.- Means of Achieving Increased Aperture.- Conclusion.- References.- 7 Temporal Reference Acoustical Holography.- Theory of Temporal Reference Holography.- Recording the Temporal Reference Hologram.- Reconstructing the Temporal Reference Hologram.- The Reconstructing Wavefront U0.- Reconstructing with a Different Radiation and Wavelength.- Temporal Reference Acoustical Hologram Recorded with a Sokolov Ultrasound Camera.- Proposed Methods for Optical Recording of Temporal Reference Acoustical Holograms.- General Description of Double-Exposure Subfringe Inter-ferometric Holography.- Double-Pulsed Laser System.- Swept-Beam CW Laser System.- Discussion.- References.- 8 Acoustical Imaging with Linear Transducer Arrays.- Aberrations.- Conic Aberration.- Velocity Aberration.- Comparison with Other Systems.- Digital Simulation.- Diffraction Pattern in Image of a Point.- Triangle Images.- References.- 9 Acoustical Holography by Optically Sampling a Sound Field in Bulk.- References.- 10 Focusing and Scanning of Acoustic Waves in Solids.- Comparison of Contrast Sensitivity for the Scanned and Simultaneous Imaging Techniques.- Magnetoelastic Scanning and Focusing.- Electroacoustical Scanning and Focusing.- Optically Controlled Acoustic-Beam Scanning.- References.- 11 The Application of Holographic Concepts to Sonar.- Present Practice in Sonar Processing.- Some Fundamental Considerations in Sonar Viewing and Processing Systems.- Angular Resolution.- CW Ranging by Focusing or Parallactic Effects.- Ranging by Echo Timing.- Number of Resolvable Elements and Field of View.- Image Quality.- Optical Configurations for Sonar Processing.- CW Holographic Processor.- Multichannel Correlator.- Beam-Former-Correlator.- Two-Angle Beam-Former-Correlator.- Spectrum Analyzer.- Hybrid System : Multichannel Correlator with Holographic Output.- Additional Optical Engineering Considerations.- Storage Medium.- Input and Output Interfaces.- Summary.- References.- 12 An Underwater Viewing System Using Sound Holography.- Performance Requirements.- General Considerations.- Receiving Array.- Real-Time Display System.- Conclusion.- References.- 13 Computed Reconstructions from Phase-Only and Amplitude-Only Holograms.- Phase-Amplitude Hologram.- Fraunhofer Region.- Fresnel and Very-Near-Field Regions.- Phase-Only Hologram.- Fraunhofer Region.- Fresnel and Very-Near-Field Regions.- Amplitude-Only Hologram.- Fraunhofer Region.- Fresnel and Very-Near-Field Regions.- Biased Phase-Only Hologram.- Theory.- Fraunhofer Region.- Fresnel and Very-Near-Field Regions.- Summary.- References.- 14 Comments About Phase-Only Holograms.- The Problem.- The Background of the Problem.- Some Examples.- Phase-Only Holograms and Geometric Optics.- The Set of Objects Suitable for Phase-Only Holograms.- References.- 15 Computer Reconstruction of Images from Ultrasonic Holograms.- The Data-Acquisition System.- Reconstruction of the Digital Image.- Display of Digital Images.- Results.- Conclusions.- References.- 16 Acoustical Holography Experiments Using Digital Processing.- Earth Holography.- Existing Seismic Methods.- Scaling Problems.- Model Studies.- Conclusions.- 17 Holography of Infrasound as Observed from Natural and Artificial Sources.- Atmospheric Acoustics.- Coupling with the Ionosphere.- Past Field Experiments.- Present Field Experiments.- Future Developments.- References.- 18 Diagnostic Holography-A Feasibility Study.- Method.- Results and Discussion.- References.- 19 Acoustical Imaging of Biological Tissue-Holography and Direct Imaging.- Detection with the Sokolov Ultrasound Camera.- Synthesis of Three-Dimensional Images.- Holographic Recording With FM.- Summary.- References.- 20 Thin Liquid Layers for the Detection and Amplification of Ultrasonic Interference Patterns.- Surface Deformations.- A High-Pass Filter for Liquid-Surface Deformations.- Relaxation Behavior of Thin Liquid Layers.- Amplification of Acoustically Induced Surface Deformations.- Amplification Properties of Thin Liquid Layers.- Conducting Surfaces.- Nonconducting Surfaces.- Examples of Amplifying Detectors.- Design of the Acoustical Holography Experiment.- Aberrations.- The Optical System.- The Detector.- The Acoustical System.- Experimental Results.- Conclusions.- References.- 21 Acoustical Holography with Real-Time Color Translation.- Acoustical Characteristics.- Electronics.- Optics.- Results.- 22 Color Acoustical Holography.- Experimental Configuration.- Method of Reconstruction.- Color-Coding Techniques and Results.- Summary.- References.- 23 Higher-Order Images from Grating-Like Acoustical Holograms and Their Multiplexing and Multicolor Applications.- Some Properties of the Higher-Order Images Reconstructed from Grating-Like Acoustical Holograms.- Construction of Grating-Like Acoustical Holograms and Optical Reconstruction of Higher-Order Images.- Contrast Enhancement of Higher-Order Images.- Contrast Inversion of Higher-Order Images.- Higher-Order Images Reconstructed from Acoustical Holograms by a Two-Beam Interference Method.- Higher-Order Images Reconstructed from Acoustical Holograms by an Electronic Reference Method.- Space-Division-Multiplexing Acoustical Holography.- Theory.- Experiment.- Multicolor Acoustical Holography.- Theory.- Preliminary Experiment.- Conclusion.- References.- 24 Long-Wavelength Holography and Visual Reproduction Methods.- 25 A New Method for Studying Acoustic Radiation Using Long-Wavelength Acoustical Holography.- Experimental Demonstration.- Conclusions.- 26 Supplementary Bibliography.