Introduction to Electric Circuits

Richard C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, Davis, teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control systems. He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S. from the University of Colorado, and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of electrical engineering and its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributions and advances in electrical engineering. Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fields of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and the University of California at Berkeley. A Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers and the American Society for Engineering Education, Dr. Dorf is widely known to the profession for his Modern Control Systems, tenth edition (Prentice Hall, 2004) and The International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley, 1988). Dorf is also the coauthor of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), fifth edition (Wiley, 1992). Dr. Dorf edited the widely used Electrical Engineering Handbook, third edition (CRC Press and IEEE Press), published in 2005. His latest work is Technology Ventures (McGraw-Hill, 2005). James A. Svoboda is an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Clarkson University, where he teaches courses on topics such as circuits, electronics, and computer programming. He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin at Madison, an M.S. from the University of Colorado, and a B.S. from General Motors Institute. Sophomore Circuits is one of Professor Svoboda's favorite courses. He has taught this course to 4500 undergraduates at Clarkson University over the past 26 years. In 1986, he received Clarkson University's Distinguished Teaching Award. Professor Svoboda has written several research papers describing the advantages of using nullors to model electric circuits for computer analysis. He is interests in the way technology affects engineering education and has developed several software packages for use in Sophomore Circuits. Professor Svoboda's email address is svoboda@clarkson.edu and the url of his web page is http://www.clarkson.edu/svoboda/.

CHAPTER 1. Electric Circuit Variables. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Electric Circuits and Current. 1.3 Systems of Units. 1.4 Voltage. 1.5 Power and Energy. 1.6 Circuit Analysis and Design. 1.7 How Can We Check. 1.8 Design Example-Jet Valve Controller. 1.9 Summary. Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 2. Circuit Elements. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Engineering and Linear Models. 2.3 Active and Passive Circuit Elements. 2.4 Resistors. 2.5 Independent Sources. 2.6 Voltmeters and Ammeters. 2.7 Dependent Sources. 2.8 Transducers. 2.9 Switches. 2.10 How Can We Check. 2.11 Design Example-Temperature Sensor. 2.12 Summary. Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 3. Resistive Circuits. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Kirchhoff 's Laws. 3.3 Series Resistors and Voltage Division. 3.4 Parallel Resistors and Current Division. 3.5 Series Voltage Sources and Parallel Current Sources. 3.6 Circuit Analysis. 3.7 Analyzing Resistive Circuits Using MATLAB. 3.8 How Can We Check. 3.9 Design Example-Adjustable Voltage Source. 3.10 Summary. Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 4. Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current Sources. 4.3 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current and Voltage Sources. 4.4 Node Voltage Analysis with Dependent Sources. 4.5 Mesh Current Analysis with Independent Voltage Sources. 4.6 Mesh Current Analysis with Current and Voltage Sources. 4.7 Mesh Current Analysis with Dependent Sources. 4.8 The Node Voltage Method and Mesh Current Method Compared. 4.9 Mesh Current Analysis Using MATLAB. 4.10 How Can We Check. 4.11 Design Example-Potentiometer Angle Display. 4.12 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 5. Circuit Theorems. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Source Transformations. 5.3 Superposition. 5.4 Th-evenin's Theorem. 5.5 Norton's Equivalent Circuit. 5.6 Maximum Power Transfer. 5.7 Using MATLAB to Determine the Th-evenin Equivalent Circuit. 5.8 How Can We Check. 5.9 Design Example-Strain Gauge Bridge. 5.10 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 6. The Operational Amplifier. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 The Operational Amplifier. 6.3 The Ideal Operational Amplifier. 6.4 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers. 6.5 Design Using Operational Amplifiers. 6.6 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations. 6.7 Characteristics of Practical Operational Amplifiers. 6.8 Analysis of Op Amp Circuits Using MATLAB. 6.9 How Can We Check. 6.10 Design Example-Transducer Interface Circuit. 6.11 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 7. Energy Storage Elements. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Capacitors. 7.3 Energy Storage in a Capacitor. 7.4 Series and Parallel Capacitors. 7.5 Inductors. 7.6 Energy Storage in an Inductor. 7.7 Series and Parallel Inductors. 7.8 Initial Conditions of Switched Circuits. 7.9 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Differential Equations. 7.10 Using MATLAB to Plot Capacitor or Inductor Voltage and Current. 7.11 How Can We Check. 7.12 Design Example-Integrator and Switch. 7.13 Summary. Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 8. The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 First-Order Circuits. 8.3 The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Constant Input. 8.4 Sequential Switching. 8.5 Stability of First-Order Circuits. 8.6 The Unit Step Source. 8.7 The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source. 8.8 Differential Operators. 8.9 How Can We Check. 8.10 Design Example-A Computer and Printer. 8.11 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 9. The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Differential Equation for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements. 9.3 Solution of the Second-Order Differential Equation-The Natural Response. 9.4 Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit. 9.5 Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit. 9.6 Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit. 9.7 Forced Response of an RLC Circuit. 9.8 Complete Response of an RLC Circuit. 9.9 State Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis. 9.10 Roots in the Complex Plane. 9.11 How Can We Check. 9.12 Design Example-Auto Airbag Igniter. 9.13 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 10. Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Sinusoidal Sources. 10.3 Steady-State Response of an RL Circuit for a Sinusoidal Forcing Function. 10.4 Complex Exponential Forcing Function. 10.5 The Phasor. 10.6 Phasor Relationships for R, L, and C Elements. 10.7 Impedance and Admittance. 10.8 Kirchhoff 's Laws Using Phasors. 10.9 Node Voltage and Mesh Current Analysis Using Phasors. 10.10 Superposition, Th-evenin and Norton Equivalents, and Source Transformations. 10.11 Phasor Diagrams. 10.12 Phasor Circuits and the Operational Amplifier. 10.13 The Complete Response. 10.14 Using MATLAB for Analysis of Steady-State Circuits with Sinusoidal Inputs. 10.15 How Can We Check. 10.16 Design Example-Op Amp Circuit. 10.17 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 11. AC Steady-State Power. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Electric Power. 11.3 Instantaneous Power and Average Power. 11.4 Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform. 11.5 Complex Power. 11.6 Power Factor. 11.7 The Power Superposition Principle. 11.8 The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem. 11.9 Coupled Inductors. 11.10 The Ideal Transformer. 11.11 How Can We Check. 11.12 Design Example-Maximum Power Transfer. 11.13 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 12. Three-Phase Circuits. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Three-Phase Voltages. 12.3 The Y-to-Y Circuit. 12.4 The --Connected Source and Load. 12.5 The Y-to-- Circuit. 12.6 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits. 12.7 Instantaneous and Average Power in a Balanced Three-Phase Load. 12.8 Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement. 12.9 How Can We Check. 12.10 Design Example-Power Factor Correction. 12.11 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 13. Frequency Response. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Gain, Phase Shift, and the Network Function. 13.3 Bode Plots. 13.4 Resonant Circuits. 13.5 Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits. 13.6 Plotting Bode Plots Using MATLAB. 13.7 How Can We Check. 13.8 Design Example-Radio Tuner. 13.9 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 14. The Laplace Transform. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Laplace Transform. 14.3 Impulse Function and Time Shift Property. 14.4 Inverse Laplace Transform. 14.5 Initial and Final Value Theorems. 14.6 Solution of Differential Equations Describing a Circuit. 14.7 Circuit Analysis Using Impedance and Initial Conditions. 14.8 Transfer Function and Impedance. 14.9 Convolution Theorem. 14.10 Stability. 14.11 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB. 14.12 How Can We Check. 14.13 Design Example-Space Shuttle Cargo Door. 14.14 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 15. Fourier Series and Fourier Transform. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 The Fourier Series. 15.3 Symmetry of the Function f (t). 15.4 Fourier Series of Selected Waveforms. 15.5 Exponential Form of the Fourier Series. 15.6 The Fourier Spectrum. 15.7 The Truncated Fourier Series. 15.8 Circuits and Fourier Series. 15.9 The Fourier Transform. 15.10 Fourier Transform Properties. 15.11 The Spectrum of Signals. 15.12 Convolution and Circuit Response. 15.13 The Fourier Transform and the Laplace Transform. 15.14 How Can We Check. 15.15 Design Example-DC Power Supply. 15.16 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 16. Filter Circuits. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 The Electric Filter. 16.3 Filters. 16.4 Second-Order Filters. 16.5 High-Order Filters. 16.6 Simulating Filter Circuits Using PSpice. 16.7 How Can We Check. 16.8 Design Example-Anti-Aliasing Filter. 16.9 Summary. Problems. PSpice Problems. Design Problems. CHAPTER 17. Two-Port and Three-Port Networks. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 T-to-- Transformation and Two-Port Three-Terminal Networks. 17.3 Equations of Two-Port Networks. 17.4 Z and Y Parameters for a Circuit with Dependent Sources. 17.5 Hybrid and Transmission Parameters. 17.6 Relationships Between Two-Port Parameters. 17.7 Interconnection of Two-Port Networks. 17.8 How Can We Check. 17.9 Design Example-Transistor Amplifier. 17.10 Summary. Problems. Design Problems. APPENDIX A. Matrices, Determinants, and Cramer'sRule. APPENDIX B. Complex Numbers. APPENDIX C. Mathematical Formulas. APPENDIX D. Euler'sFormula. APPENDIX E. Standard Resistor Color Code. REFERENCES. INDEX.