Sustainable and Smart Energy Systems for Europe’s Cities and Rural Areas (eBook)

Dr Alexander Schlüter conducts research into energy solutions for rural and city areas. After heading the Production and Energy department at the IdE Institut dezentrale Energietechnologien GmbH, he is now Venture Manager at the Future Lab of E.ON Digital Technology GmbH.

Foreword by Fabrizio Rossi 7
Foreword by the Editors 9
Foreword to the European Edition 10
Contents 11
Editors and Authors 19
Editors and Authors 19
Authors 20
I Fundamentals and Strategic Planning 29
1 First Steps towards Smart Municipalities 31
Alexander Schlüter 31
2 Vision of a Sustainable Digital Future 35
Matthew Timms, Laura Färber 35
2.1 Climate Change and its Consequences 35
2.2 Digitalisation and Municipalities 38
2.3 Literature 40
3 How to Make Your Municipality Smart and Sustainable 43
Alexander Schlüter 43
4 Strategic Planning of the Transformation Process 47
Diana Khripko, Nicky Athanassopoulou, Imoh Ilevbare, Rob Phaal 47
4.1 Background on Strategic Roadmapping 48
4.2 Scoping, Design and Planning 50
4.3 Strategic Roadmapping 52
4.4 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 59
4.5 Literature 59
II Integrating Renewable Energy Systems 63
1 Renewable Energy Unleashing the Full Potential 65
Jens Weibezahn, Alexandra Krumm, Pao-Yu Oei, Laura Färber 65
1.1 Introduction 65
1.2 Techno-economic Aspects 67
1.2.1 Electricity Sector 68
1.2.2 Heating Sector 72
1.2.3 Mobility Sector 73
1.3 Socio-economic, Regulatory, and Political Aspects 74
1.4 Applications of Renewable Energies 76
1.4.1 Major Cities: Photovoltaic Potential in Berlin and Urban Heat Transition in Hamburg 78
1.4.2 Towns and Districts: The ECs Platform for Coal Regions in Transition and Steinfurts Masterplan 80
1.4.3 Rural Areas and Villages: Developing and Exporting 100 % Green Electricity in Schönau and Sams 82
1.5 Tenant Electricity: a German Renewable Energy Product 83
1.5.1 The Principle Underlying Tenant Electricity 84
1.5.2 Roles in the Tenant Electricity Model 85
1.5.3 Technologies, Legal Requirements, and Incentives 86
1.5.4 Metering and Technical Requirements 87
1.5.5 Why Tenant Electricity is Attractive 87
1.6 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 88
1.7 Literature 90
2 Electricity Grids: Moving towards the Smart Grid 93
Vincenz Regener, Simon Köppl 93
2.1 Basic Principles of Electricity Grids 93
2.1.1 Physical Aspects How Does Power Get from A to B 93
2.1.2 What Does Europes Grid Infrastructure Look like 94
2.1.3 What are the Beginnings of Electric Power Transmission 95
2.1.4 What Are the Functions of Grid Operators 96
2.1.5 What Are the Challenges the Energy Transition Poses to the Grid 97
2.2 How Can the Electricity Grid Be Turned into a Future-capable Smart Grid 98
2.2.1 New, Digital Grid Operating Resources and Networking 99
2.2.2 Transparency for Households: What Do Smart Meters Do 100
2.2.3 Flexibilisation of Generation and Consumption: to Support, or at Least Be Compatible with the Grid 101
2.3 Microgrids: Innovative Districts as an Individual Solution 102
2.4 Best Practice for the Use of Smart Grids 103
2.5 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 104
2.6 Literature 105
3 Thermal Grids 107
Hagen Braas, Markus Bücherl, Janybek Orozaliev, Peder Berne 107
3.1 Status of the Heating Transition in the EU 108
3.2 Heating Grids Now and in the Future 111
3.3 Modern District Heating 112
3.4 Case Studies 115
3.4.1 100 % Renewable District Heating in Marstal 115
3.4.2 Combination of Different Infrastructures in London 116
3.4.3 Malmös District Heating System 117
3.4.4 ectogrid in Medicon Village, Lund 120
3.5 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 122
3.6 Literature 124
III Using Energy More Efficiently 127
1 Preparing the Ground with Energy Efficiency 129
Ron-Hendrik Hechelmann, Florian Schlosser, Henning Meschede, Alexander Schlüter 129
1.1 Energy Efficiency Based on the Onion Layer Model 131
1.2 Energy Efficiency in Cross-cutting Technologies 133
1.2.1 Lighting 134
1.2.2 Ventilation Systems 135
1.2.3 Heat Provision and Waste Heat Utilisation 137
1.2.4 Cooling 141
1.2.5 Compressed Air 142
1.2.6 Electromechanical Drives 143
1.3 Literature 144
2 Saving Energy in Industry and Commerce 147
Florian Schlosser, Ron-Hendrik Hechelmann, Henning Meschede, Alexander Schlüter 147
2.1 What Can Industry and Commerce Do in Concrete Terms 147
2.2 Where Does Energy Efficiency in the Industry Reach its Limits 152
2.3 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 153
2.4 Literature 155
3 Operating Buildings More Energy Efficiently 157
Garance Emmerich-Bundel, Manuel Lindauer, Rita Streblow, Alexander Schlüter 157
3.1 Background 157
3.2 Main Energy Consumption Factors 160
3.2.1 Building Shell 161
3.2.2 Heating, Ventilation, Air-conditioning Systems for User Comfort 163
3.2.3 Lighting 166
3.3 The Role of Digital Technologies 167
3.4 Regulations for Energy Efficiency of Buildings 170
3.5 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 173
3.6 Literature 174
IV Linking Sectors and Storing Energy 177
1 Sector Coupling and Storage are Crucial for Green Energy 179
Henning Meschede, Diana Khripko, Alexander Schlüter 179
2 Storage Systems for Increased Flexibility 185
Matthias Philipp, Alexander Jäger, Andreas Kießling, Egon Westphal 185
2.1 Demand for Storage in the Electrical Energy System 185
2.2 Technologies 190
2.3 Areas of Application 191
2.3.1 Battery Systems 191
2.3.2 Thermal Storage Systems 193
2.4 Practical Example: Werksviertel Mitte in Munich 194
2.5 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 197
2.6 Literature 199
3 Using More Hydrogen and Green Fuels 201
Eugenio Scionti, Matteo Genovese, Christoph Pellinger, Petronilla Fragiacomo, Alexander Schlüter 201
3.1 Underlying Drivers 201
Katherina Reiche 201
3.2 Introduction 202
3.3 Current Status and Outlook 203
3.4 Production 208
3.5 Transmission, Distribution and Storage Infrastructures 211
3.6 Application in Energy-intensive Industries 213
3.7 Application in the Power Sector 215
3.8 Application in Buildings 217
3.9 Application in Agriculture 219
3.10 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 220
3.11 Literature 222
4 Preparing for More Sustainable Mobility 225
Alexander Schlüter, Matteo Genovese, Petronilla Fragiacomo1 225
4.1 Challenges for the Sector 225
4.2 Technologies and Outlook for Electric Vehicles 230
4.3 Charging and Flexibility Options by Connecting to the Energy System 237
4.4 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 239
4.5 Literature 242
5 Making Energy Demand More Flexible 245
Diana Khripko, Henning Meschede, Eva Meschede 245
5.1 Identifying Load Shifting Potentials 247
5.2 Practical Examples of a Flexibilisation in the Industrial and Tertiary Sectors 250
5.2.1 Converting Electrical Energy into other Energy Forms 250
5.2.2 Adjusting Demand by Switching the Energy Source 252
5.2.3 Flexibility in Operational Planning and Control of Electrical Facilities 254
5.2.4 Focus: Commercial Water Supply 255
5.3 Practical Examples of Flexibilisation in Households 256
5.4 Conclusion and Options for Action for Smart Municipalities 260
5.5 Literature 263
V Digitalising Municipalities and Energy Systems 267
1 Digitalisation: The Issue of Our Time 269
Victoria Ossadnik 269
2 Local Energy Transition: Digitalising Municipalities 271
Matthew Timms, Laura Färber 271
2.1 Digitalisation as Key Element of the Energy Transition 271
2.1.1 Digitalisation of Energy Systems 272
2.1.2 Digitalisation of Energy Consumers 273
2.1.3 Tipping Points for Significant Changes in Energy Systems 275
2.2 Technologies Accelerating the Transition 276
2.3 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 279
2.4 Literature 280
3 The Rising Role of Prosumers in the Energy System 283
Svetlana Ikonnikova, Alexander Schlüter, Bernadette Brandner 283
3.1 Energy Transition through Digitalisation 285
3.2 Role of Network Effects Enhanced through Digitalisation 287
3.3 New Opportunities to Generate Added Value 290
3.4 Setting Up Data Centres and Using Blockchain 293
3.5 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 295
3.6 Literature 297
4 The Foundation of the Digital Transformation: Data and IoT 299
Giorgio Cortiana, Nicholas Ord 299
4.1 Growth and Potential of the IoT 301
4.2 Data beyond Specific Domains 302
4.3 Data from and to IoT Devices for Controllable Remote Operation 303
4.4 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 306
4.5 Literature 307
5 Artificial Intelligence Enabling Smarter Municipalities 309
Juan Bernab-Moreno, Theodoros Evgeniou 309
5.1 Introduction 309
5.1.1 Definition of AI and Intelligent Systems 312
5.1.2 Prerequisites and Limiting Factors for AI: Its All about Data 313
5.1.3 Types of Problems and AI Tools 314
5.2 AI Makes Our Municipalities Smart 315
5.2.1 Smart Manufacturing 316
5.2.2 Smart Buildings 317
5.2.3 Smart Mobility 318
5.2.4 Smart Energy Systems 320
5.2.5 Smart Logistics 321
5.2.6 Smart Farming 322
5.2.7 Smart Waste Management: towards a Circular Economy 324
5.2.8 Smart Police and Emergency Services 325
5.2.9 Smart Healthcare and Sustainability 326
5.3 The Adoption Path 328
5.3.1 Ecosystem for Services Development 329
5.3.2 Processes and Governance 330
5.3.3 Data and Technology Readiness 330
5.4 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 331
5.5 Literature 332
VI Becoming Concrete 337
1 Integrating Interests and Finding Optimal Financing 339
Maria Garbuzova-Schlifter, Jakob Kulawik, Philipp Bugs, Kuldip Singh, Aaron Praktiknjo 339
1.1 Introduction 339
1.2 Financial Stakeholders 341
1.3 Fundamentals of Municipality Project Financing 344
1.4 Selected Financing Options 345
1.4.1 Debt Financing 348
1.4.2 Equity Financing 350
1.4.3 Hybrid Financing 352
1.5 Selected Funding Options 354
1.6 Selected Partnership Models 357
1.6.1 Public-Private Partnership 357
1.6.2 Joint Venture 359
1.6.3 Citizens Participation Schemes 360
1.7 Conclusion and Courses of Action for Smart Municipalities 361
1.8 Literature 363
2 Interviews 367
2.1 Nicolas Lahovnik, Wunsiedel, Germany 367
2.2 Thomas Bugl and Dr. Götz Brühl, Rosenheim, Germany 369
2.3 Sarah Butler and Trevor Dorling, Greenwich, London, United Kingdom 371
3 We Must Act Now 375
Alexander Schlüter, Juan Bernab-Moreno 375
List of Abbreviations 377
Index 383