Civil Engineer's Handbook of Professional Practice

Karen Lee Hansen, Ph.D., ASCE, Assoc. AIA, DBIA is Professor of Civil Engineering and Construction Management at California State University and holds a Master of Science in construction engineering and management and a doctorate in civil engineering from Stanford University. She also performed post-doctorate modeling design requirements at University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland. A former engineering manager at The Boeing Company, Dr. Hansen has worked as senior project executive for large commercial and industrial contractors and has been employed by national and international universities and AEC firms. Kent E. Zenobia, P.E., F. ASCE, BCEE is a registered civil engineer in four states with more than 35 years’ experience in civil, water resources, hazardous waste management, site restoration, and environmental engineering in private industry, engineering consulting, and California state government with a BSCE from New Jersey Institute of Technology and an Master of Science in Environmental Engineering from Drexel University. For his outstanding contributions to civil engineering, Mr. Zenobia has been recognized formally by the American Society of Civil Engineers and the American Academy of Environmental Engineering.

Contributing Authors xxi

Contributing Editors xxvii

Preface xxxi

Acknowledgments xxxiii

List of Abbreviations xxxv

About the Companion Website xlv

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Background 2

1.2 The Need for Accreditation 3

1.3 American Society of Civil Engineers 4

1.4 21st Century Engineer 12

1.5 Goal of This Book 17

1.6 Readers’ Guide 17

1.7 Summary 19

Bibliography 20

Chapter 2 Background and History of the Profession 21

2.1 Background 22

2.2 Civil Engineering’s Historical Inheritance 22

2.3 The Ancient Engineers 23

2.4 Engineering in Medieval Times 44

2.5 Engineering in the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment 46

2.6 The Industrial Revolution 48

2.7 Modern Civil Engineering 53

2.8 Summary 58

Bibliography 59

Chapter 3 Ethics 61

3.1 Introduction 62

3.2 Defining the Engineer’s Ethical Code 64

3.3 ASCE’s New Code of Ethics— Summary Part 1 of 2 66

3.4 ASCE’s New Code of Ethics—Summary Part 2 of 2 69

3.5 The American Society of Civil Engineers Code of Ethics 73

3.6 The American Council of Engineering Companies Ethical Conduct Guidelines 75

3.7 The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Code of Ethics 78

3.8 FIDIC Code of Ethics 78

3.9 Important and Relevant Policy Statements by ASCE and NSPE 80

3.10 Summary 89

Bibliography 91

Chapter 4 Professional Engagement 93

4.1 Introduction 94

4.2 Contracting with the Government 96

4.3 Fee-Based Selection 107

4.4 Writing Engineering Proposals 108

4.5 The Contract 114

4.6 Budgeting 120

4.7 Enhancing the Engineering Firm’s Probability for a Successful Professional Engagement 121

4.8 Working Example of a Request for Proposals (RFPs) 122

4.9 Typical Civil Engineering Proposal 123

4.10 Typical Engineering Feasibility Study 124

4.11 Summary 125

Bibliography 125

Chapter 5 The Engineer’s Role in Project Development 127

5.1 Background 128

5.2 Participants in the Process—The Players 129

5.3 The Flow of Work 134

5.4 Predesign 134

5.5 Design 142

5.6 Design During Bid and Construction 151

5.7 Post-construction Activity 153

5.8 Summary 157

Bibliography 157

Chapter 6 What Engineers Deliver 161

6.1 Background 162

6.2 Contract Documents 163

6.3 Drawings 166

6.4 Specifications 173

6.5 Drawings and Specifications — Final Thoughts 181

6.6 Technical Memos and Reports 182

6.7 Calculations 183

6.8 Other Deliverables 185

6.9 Summary 186

Bibliography 186

Chapter 7 Executing a Professional Commission—Project Management 187

7.1 Introduction 188

7.2 The Basics of Project Management 197

7.3 The Major Parties on a Project 199

7.4 Project Sectors 200

7.5 Project Teams 202

7.6 Project Initiation 203

7.7 Project Estimates 204

7.8 Project Management Plan Components 210

7.9 Staff Selection Guidelines for the PM 212

7.10 The Project Manager’s Responsibilities 215

7.11 Project Risk Management 221

7.12 Design Coordination 222

7.13 Summary 228

Bibliography 229

Chapter 8 Permitting 231

8.1 Introduction 232

8.2 Accept the Requirements for Permits 234

8.3 Respect the Staff Implementing the Permits 234

8.4 Initiate the Permitting Processing Early 235

8.5 Identifying Permits with the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 238

8.6 Managing Permits 241

8.7 Streamlining Permits 244

8.8 Sample Permit Table 244

8.9 Sample United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Section 408 Permit 249

8.10 Summary 253

Bibliography 254

Chapter 9 The Client Relationship and Business Development 255

9.1 Introduction 256

9.2 The Foundation of a Lasting Relationship 258

9.3 Building upon the Relationship—the Superstructure 260

9.4 Maintaining the Relationship 261

9.5 Cultivating Business Opportunities 264

9.6 Business Development 265

9.7 Conflict Management 267

9.8 Summary 270

Bibliography 270

Chapter 10 Leadership 271

10.1 Introduction 273

10.2 Background 273

10.3 Leadership Styles 279

10.4 Tools for Leadership and Management 286

10.5 Four Key Skill Sets Possessed by Effective Civil Engineering Leaders 289

10.6 Secret Recipe for an Effective Leader 298

10.7 Summary 299

Bibliography 299

Chapter 11 Legal Aspects of Professional Practice 301

11.1 Introduction 302

11.2 US Legal System 303

11.3 Statutory Law 304

11.4 Common Law 304

11.5 Contract Law 309

11.6 Procurement Method 326

11.7 Risk Management 330

11.8 Insurance and Bonds 341

11.9 Dispute Resolution 346

11.10 Alternative Dispute Resolution 353

11.11 Affirmative Action, Equal Opportunity, and Diversity 356

11.12 Summary 358

Bibliography 358

Chapter 12 Managing the Civil Engineering Enterprise 361

12.1 Introduction 362

12.2 The Influence of Economics on Project Development 363

12.3 Financial Reporting 370

12.4 Professional Human Resources Management 374

12.5 Career Planning and Execution 375

12.6 Specialization 376

12.7 Certification and Registration 377

12.8 Professional Services Marketing 378

12.9 Professional Business Development 382

12.10 Professional and Trade Organization Activities 384

12.11 Summary 385

Bibliography 385

Chapter 13 Communicating as a Professional Engineer 387

13.1 Introduction 388

13.2 Communication Conduits 391

13.3 Body Language—How to Read Unspoken Signals 394

13.4 Conflict Resolution 399

13.5 Behavioral Characteristics of Team Members, Friends, or Family 401

13.6 Typical Report Format 402

13.7 Useful Forms for the Engineer 405

13.8 Useful Letters (or E-Mails) for the Engineer 405

13.9 Sample PowerPoint Presentation 411

13.10 Summary 411

Bibliography 411

Chapter 14 Balancing Life, Family, and Career 413

14.1 Introduction 414

14.2 A Concept from Physics and Thermodynamics Called Negentropy and Posentropy 415

14.3 The Key Components to Your Being 418

14.4 The Mind 418

14.5 The Body 421

14.6 The Spirit 422

14.7 The Effective Combination of Mind, Body, and Spirit 423

14.8 Laugh and Have Fun 423

14.9 Self‐Assessment—Please Challenge Yourself 426

14.10 Analysis of the Assessment 427

14.11 Summary 432

Bibliography 434

Chapter 15 Globalization 435

15.1 Introduction 436

15.2 The Globalization Process 437

15.3 Global Climate Change—A World View and a State Perspective 439

15.4 Outcomes of Globalization and Climate Change 457

15.5 Learning to Project Manage a Mega-Project—The Case of BAA and Heathrow Terminal 5 460

15.6 Civil Engineering Practice—A Wider Community Viewpoint 470

15.7 Summary 479

Bibliography 481

Chapter 16 Sustainability 485

16.1 Introduction 486

16.2 Sustainability Defined 489

16.3 Sustainable Engineering 490

16.4 Systems Thinking 492

16.5 Ecodesign 493

16.6 Toward New Values and Processes 495

16.7 Expanded Project Delivery Process 499

16.8 Integrative Approaches 499

16.9 Sustainable Design and Materials Strategies 501

16.10 Lifecycle Cost Analysis 505

16.11 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 511

16.12 Future Directions 517

16.13 Four Ways Civil Engineers Can Become More Sustainable 519

16.14 Summary 525

References 526

Chapter 17 Emerging Technologies 529

17.1 Introduction 530

17.2 Current Emerging and Innovative Technologies 531

17.3 The Nature of Change 538

17.4 Information Technology—Enabled Process Change 540

17.5 Building Information Modeling 543

17.6 Integrated Project Delivery 548

17.7 FIATECH Roadmap—An Organizing Principle 553

17.8 Engineering Thinking 558

17.9 Summary 567

References 567

Chapter 18 Human Relations Policies and Employment Practices 569

18.1 Introduction 570

18.2 Rules of Engagement 572

18.3 Compliance with Employment Laws and Typical Human Resources Policies 573

18.4 Forecasting 582

18.5 Hiring 584

18.6 Training 587

18.7 Compensation and Benefits Plans 592

18.8 Health and Safety 594

18.9 Employee Retention 595

18.10 Summary 596

Bibliography 596

Chapter 19 Construction Management for Engineers 597

19.1 Introduction 598

19.2 Project Planning 600

19.3 Parties to a Project 605

19.4 Work Breakdown Structure 610

19.5 Project Scheduling 617

19.6 Project Estimating 626

19.7 Project Close-Out 636

19.8 Summary 641

Bibliography 641

Chapter 20 Health and Safety Knowledge for Civil Engineers 643

20.1 Introduction 644

20.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and its Importance to Civil Engineers 646

20.3 Health and Safety Programs and Project Plans 655

20.4 Civil Engineer’s Health and Safety Toolbox 659

20.5 OSHA Quick Reference Card for Top 4 Construction Site Hazards and Construction Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 675

20.6 Organization/Company/Employee Responsibilities and Employee Rights 675

20.7 Summary 677

Bibliography 678

Chapter 21 What Civil Engineers Need to Know 679

21.1 Background 680

21.2 Civil Engineering as a Profession 680

21.3 Civil Engineering Education 682

21.4 Civil Engineering Careers 684

21.5 What Successful Civil Engineers Need to Know 686

21.6 Summary 701

Bibliography 702

Appendix A Example Request for Proposal (RFP) 703

Appendix B Example Proposal 713

Appendix C Example Feasibility Study Report 729

Appendix D Example Short Technical Report: The Benefits of Green Roofs 777

Appendix E Example Specification: Cast-in-Place Concrete 785

Appendix F EJCDC® Model Contract – Agreement Between Owner and Engineer for Study and Report Professional Services 795

Appendix G Design and Construction Documents Mosquito Bridge Project 821

Index 839