Carbon Capture and Storage (eBook)

I. Introduction

II. Technical aspects and challenges 9

1. Separation and capture 9

1.1 Pre-combustion 9

1.2 Post-combustion 10

1.3 Oxy-fuel 11

1.4 Direct air capture 11

2. Transport 12

3. Storage 12

3.1 Storage environments 12

3.2 Storage capacities 14

3.3 Monitoring 14

4. Usage 15

III. Economical practicability 17

1. Economic costs 17

1.1 Capture costs 17

1.2 Transport and storage costs 18

1.3 Emissions trading: the EU ETS 21

1.4 Looking beyond current (first-in-kind) costs 23

2. Public funding and economic incentives 23

2.1 EU public funding 23

2.2 Other public funding/national incentives 25

3. CCUS project financing and bankability 26

4. CCUS risk profile and insurability 27

IV. Networks and initiatives 29

1. International level 29

2. European level 31

V. CCS projects and national strategies 35

1. Norway 35

1.1 Sleipner and Snøhvit projects 36

1.2 Northern Light Project 37

2. United Kingdom 37

2.1 Net Zero Teesside 38

2.2 Acorn Project 38

2.3 Caledonia Clean Energy Project 39

2.4 Zero Carbon Humber Project 39

3. Netherlands 39

3.1 Porthos Project 40

3.2 Athos Project 40

4. United States 40

4.1 Petra Nova 41

4.2 Illinois Industrial CCS Project 43

5. Canada 43

5.1 Boundary Dam CCS 43

5.2 Quest 43

VI. Sources of law 45

1. International law 45

1.1 London Protocol 46

1.2 OSPAR Convention 47

2. EU law 48

2.1 Carbon Storage Directive 48

2.2 Other EU law 51

3. National laws 51

VII. Regulatory framework 53

1. Storage 54

1.1 Siting 54

1.2 Construction and operation 56

1.3 Closure and operator’s liability 59

2. Separation, capture and transport 64

VIII. Conclusion 65

Notes 68

About the authors 77

About Globe Law and Business 79