Engineering Fluid Mechanics

Preface vii

Chapter One Introduction 1

1.1 Engineering Fluid Mechanics 2

1.2 Modeling in Fluid Mechanics and Engineering 5

1.3 Modeling of Materials 6

1.4 Weight, Mass, and Newton’s Law of Gravitation 10

1.5 Essential Math Topics 14

1.6 Density and Specific Weight 16

1.7 The Ideal Gas Law (IGL) 18

1.8 Quantity, Units, and Dimensions 21

1.9 Problem Solving 27

1.10 Summarizing Key Knowledge 30

Chapter Two Fluid Properties 32

2.1 System, State, and Property 33

2.2 Looking Up Fluid Properties 34

2.3 Specific Gravity, Constant Density, and the Bulk Modulus 37

2.4 Pressure and Shear Stress 40

2.5 The Viscosity Equation 43

2.6 Surface Tension 48

2.7 Vapor Pressure, Boiling, and Cavitation 53

2.8 Characterizing Thermal Energy in Flowing Gases 53

2.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 54

Chapter Three Fluid Statics 56

3.1 Describing Pressure 57

3.2 The Hydrostatic Equations 62

3.3 Measuring Pressure 67

3.4 The Pressure Force on a Panel (Flat Surface) 71

3.5 Calculating the Pressure Force on a Curved Surface 77

3.6 Calculating Buoyant Forces 80

3.7 Predicting Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies 82

3.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 86

Chapter Four The Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation 88

4.1 Describing Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines 88

4.2 Characterizing Velocity of a Flowing Fluid 91

4.3 Describing Flow 93

4.4 Acceleration 99

4.5 Applying Euler’s Equation to Understand Pressure Variation 102

4.6 The Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline 108

4.7 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 115

4.8 Characterizing the Rotational Motion of a Flowing Fluid 118

4.9 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow 122

4.10 Describing the Pressure Field for Flow over a Circular Cylinder 123

4.11 Calculating the Pressure Field for a Rotating Flow 125

4.12 Summarizing Key Knowledge 127

Chapter Five The Control Volume Approach and The Continuity Equation 131

5.1 Characterizing the Rate of Flow 131

5.2 The Control Volume Approach 137

5.3 The Continuity Equation (Theory) 143

5.4 The Continuity Equation (Application) 144

5.5 Predicting Cavitation 151

5.6 Summarizing Key Knowledge 154

Chapter Six The Momentum Equation 156

6.1 Understanding Newton’s Second Law of Motion 156

6.2 The Linear Momentum Equation: Theory 160

6.3 The Linear Momentum Equation: Application 163

6.4 The Linear Momentum Equation for a Stationary Control Volume 165

6.5 Examples of the Linear Momentum Equation (Moving Objects) 174

6.6 The Angular Momentum Equation 179

6.7 Summarizing Key Knowledge 182

Chapter Seven The Energy Equation 184

7.1 Technical Vocabulary: Work, Energy, and Power 185

7.2 Conservation of Energy 187

7.3 The Energy Equation 189

7.4 The Power Equation 196

7.5 Mechanical Efficiency 198

7.6 Contrasting the Bernoulli Equation and the Energy Equation 201

7.7 Transitions 201

7.8 The Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines 204

7.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 207

Chapter Eight Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 210

8.1 The Need for Dimensional Analysis 210

8.2 Buckingham Π Theorem 212

8.3 Dimensional Analysis 212

8.4 Common π-Groups 216

8.5 Similitude 219

8.6 Model Studies for Flows without Free-Surface Effects 223

8.7 Model–Prototype Performance 226

8.8 Approximate Similitude at High Reynolds Numbers 227

8.9 Free-Surface Model Studies 230

8.10 Summarizing Key Knowledge 233

Chapter Nine Viscous Flow Over a Flat Surface 234

9.1 The Navier–Stokes Equation for Uniform Flow 235

9.2 Couette Flow 236

9.3 Poiseuille Flow in a Channel 237

9.4 The Boundary Layer (Description) 239

9.5 Velocity Profiles in the Boundary Layer 240

9.6 The Boundary Layer (Calculations) 242

9.7 Summarizing Key Knowledge 246

Chapter Ten Flow in Conduits 248

10.1 Classifying Flow 249

10.2 Specifying Pipe Sizes 251

10.3 Pipe Head Loss 252

10.4 Stress Distributions in Pipe Flow 254

10.5 Laminar Flow in a Round Tube 256

10.6 Turbulent Flow and the Moody Diagram 259

10.7 A Strategy for Solving Problems 264

10.8 Combined Head Loss 268

10.9 Nonround Conduits 272

10.10 Pumps and Systems of Pipes 274

10.11 Summarizing Key Knowledge 279

Chapter Eleven Drag and Lift 282

11.1 Relating Lift and Drag to Stress Distributions 282

11.2 Calculating the Drag Force 284

11.3 Drag of Axisymmetric and 3-D Bodies 287

11.4 Terminal Velocity 292

11.5 Vortex Shedding 294

11.6 Reducing Drag by Streamlining 295

11.7 Drag in Compressible Flow 295

11.8 The Theory of Lift 296

11.9 Lift and Drag on Airfoils 300

11.10 Lift and Drag on Road Vehicles 306

11.11 Summarizing Key Knowledge 309

Chapter Twelve Compressible Flow 312

12.1 Wave Propagation in Compressible Fluids 312

12.2 Mach Number Relationships 317

12.3 Normal Shock Waves 322

12.4 Isentropic Compressible Flow through a Duct with Varying Area 327

12.5 Summarizing Key Knowledge 338

Chapter Thirteen Flow Measurements 340

13.1 Measuring Velocity and Pressure 340

13.2 Measuring Flow Rate (Discharge) 347

13.3 Summarizing Key Knowledge 362

Chapter Fourteen Turbomachinery 363

14.1 Propellers 364

14.2 Axial-Flow Pumps 368

14.3 Radial-Flow Machines 372

14.4 Specific Speed 375

14.5 Suction Limitations of Pumps 377

14.6 Viscous Effects 379

14.7 Centrifugal Compressors 380

14.8 Turbines 383

14.9 Summarizing Key Knowledge 391

Chapter Fifteen Flow in Open Channels 393

15.1 Describing Open-Channel Flow 394

15.2 Energy Equation for Steady Open-Channel Flow 396

15.3 Steady Uniform Flow 397

15.4 Steady Nonuniform Flow 405

15.5 Rapidly Varied Flow 405

15.6 Hydraulic Jump 415

15.7 Gradually Varied Flow 420

15.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 427

Chapter Sixteen Modeling of Fluid Dynamics Problems 429

16.1 Models in Fluid Mechanics 430

16.2 Foundations for Learning Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 434

16.3 The Continuity Equation 443

16.4 The Navier–Stokes Equation 449

16.5 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 453

16.6 Examples of CFD 458

16.7 A Path for Moving Forward 460

16.8 Summarizing Key Knowledge 461

Problems P-1

Appendix A-1

Answers S-1

Index I-1