Radio Access Network Slicing and Virtualization for 5G Vertical Industries

LEI ZHANG, PhD, is Senior Lecturer at the University of Glasgow, UK. He received his PhD degree from the University of Sheffield, UK. He was a research fellow in the 5G Innovation Centre (5GIC) at the Institute of Communications (ICS), University of Surrey, UK. His research interests include wireless communication systems and networks, blockchain technology, radio access network slicing (RAN slicing), Internet of Things (IoT), multi-antenna signal processing, MIMO systems, and many more. ARMAN FARHANG, PhD, received his PhD from the Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. He is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronic Engineering at Maynooth University, Ireland. His research interests and activities are in the broad area of signal processing for communications, waveform design, signal processing for multiuser and multiple antenna systems. GANG FENG, PhD, is a Professor at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), China. He received his MEng degree in Electronic Engineering from UESTC and his PhD in information engineering from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. OLUWAKAYODE ONIRETI, PhD, is a Lecturer at the University of Glasgow, UK. He received an MSc degree in mobile and satellite communication and a PhD in Electronics Engineering from the University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.

About the Editors xiii

Preface xvii

List of Contributors xxiii

List of Abbreviations xxvii

Part I Waveforms and Mixed-Numerology 1

1 ICI Cancellation Techniques Based on Data Repetition for OFDM Systems 3
Miaowen Wen, Jun Li, Xilin Cheng and Xiang Cheng

1.1 OFDM History 3

1.2 OFDM Principle 4

1.2.1 Subcarrier Orthogonality 4

1.2.2 Discrete Implementation 5

1.2.3 OFDM in Multipath Channel 6

1.3 Carrier Frequency Offset Effect 8

1.3.1 Properties of ICI Coefficients 9

1.3.2 Carrier-to-Interference Power Ratio 9

1.4 ICI Cancellation Techniques 11

1.4.1 One-Path Cancellation with Mirror Mapping 11

1.4.1.1 MSR Scheme 12

1.4.1.2 MCSR Scheme 13

1.4.2 Two-Path Cancellation with Mirror Mapping 14

1.4.2.1 MCVT Scheme 15

1.4.2.2 MCJT Scheme 15

1.4.3 CIR Comparison 16

1.5 Experiment on Sea 17

1.5.1 Experiment Settings 18

1.5.2 Experiment Results 21

1.6 Summary 22

References 23

2 Filtered OFDM: An Insight into Intrinsic In-Band Interference 25
Juquan Mao, Lei Zhang and Pei Xiao

2.1 Introduction 25

2.1.1 Notations 26

2.2 System Model for f-OFDM SISO System 26

2.3 In-Band Interference Analysis and Discussion 30

2.3.1 Channel Diagonalization and In-Band Interference-Free Systems 30

2.3.2 In-Band Interference Power 31

2.3.3 In-Band Interference Mitigation: A Practical Approach for Choosing CR Length 32

2.3.4 An Alternative for In-Band Interference Mitigation: Frequency Domain Equalization (FDE) 33

2.3.4.1 Linear Equalizers 33

2.3.4.2 Nonlinear Equalizers 34

2.4 Numerical Results 34

2.4.1 Numerical Results for In-Band Interference 35

2.5 Conclusion 38

1.2 Appendix 38

1.2.1 Derivation of zk 38

2.3 Appendix 39

2.3.1 Proof of 𝚯preBeing a Strict Upper Triangle 39

3.4 Appendix 39

3.4.1 Proof of Property 2.A.2 39

References 40

3 Windowed OFDM for Mixed-Numerology 5G and Beyond Systems 43
Bowen Yang, Xiaoying Zhang, Lei Zhang, Arman Farhang, Pei Xiao and Muhammad Ali Imran

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 W-OFDM System Model 45

3.2.1 Single Numerology System Model 46

3.2.2 System Model for Mixed Numerologies 48

3.3 Inter-numerology Interference Analysis 50

3.3.1 Inter-numerology Interference Analysis for Numerology 1 50

3.3.2 Inter-numerology Interference Analysis for Numerology 2 52

3.4 Numerical Results and Discussion 54

3.5 Conclusions 57

3.6 Derivation of (3.9) 57

3.7 Derivations of (3.28) 58

3.8 Derivations of (3.30) 59

References 59

4 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing: Unified Multicarrier Framework 63
Ahmad Nimr, Zhongju Li, Marwa Chafii and Gerhard Fettweis

4.1 Overview of MulticarrierWaveforms 63

4.1.1 Time–Frequency Representation 64

4.1.1.1 Discrete-Time Representation 65

4.1.1.2 Relation to Gabor Theory 66

4.1.2 GFDM As a FlexibleWaveform 66

4.1.2.1 GFDM with Multiple Prototype Pulses 67

4.1.3 Generalized Block-Based Multicarrier 68

4.1.3.1 Transmitter 69

4.1.3.2 Receiver 69

4.2 GFDM As a Flexible Framework 70

4.2.1 GFDM Representations 71

4.2.1.1 Filter Bank Representation 71

4.2.1.2 Vector Representation 71

4.2.1.3 2D-Block Representation 72

4.2.1.4 GFDM Matrix Structure 73

4.2.2 Architecture and Extended Flexibility 74

4.2.2.1 Alternative Interpretation of GFDM 75

4.2.2.2 Extended Flexibility 76

4.2.2.3 Flexible Hardware Architecture 76

4.3 GFDM for OFDM Enhancement 78

4.3.1 Transmitter 78

4.3.2 Receiver 79

4.3.2.1 LMMSE GFDM-Based Receiver 79

4.4 Conclusions 80

References 80

5 Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation 83
Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny

5.1 Introduction 83

5.1.1 Notations: 83

5.2 FBMC Methods 84

5.3 Theory 84

5.3.1 CMT 85

5.3.2 SMT 88

5.4 Prototype Filter Design 92

5.4.1 Prototype Filters for Time-Invariant Channels 92

5.4.2 Prototype Filters for Time-Varying Channels 93

5.5 Synchronization and Tracking Methods 94

5.5.1 Preamble Design 95

5.5.2 Channel Tracking 96

5.5.3 Timing Tracking 97

5.6 Equalization 97

5.7 Computational Complexity 98

5.8 Applications 98

References 99

6 Orthogonal Time–Frequency Space Modulation: Principles and Implementation 103
Arman Farhang and Behrouz Farhang-Boroujeny

6.1 Introduction 103

6.2 OTFS Principles 105

6.3 OFDM-Based OTFS 107

6.4 Channel Impact 108

6.5 Simplified Modem Structure 110

6.6 Complexity Analysis 113

6.7 Recent Results and Potential Research Directions 114

References 117

Part II RAN Slicing and 5G Vertical Industries 121

7 Multi-Numerology Waveform Parameter Assignment in 5G 123
Ahmet Yazar and Hüseyin Arslan

7.1 Introduction 123

7.1.1 Problem Definitions 125

7.1.2 Literature Review 126

7.2 Waveform Parameter Options 128

7.3 Waveform Parameter Assignment 130

7.4 Conclusion 132

References 132

8 Network Slicing with Spectrum Sharing 137
Yue Liu, Xu Yang and Laurie Cuthbert

8.1 The Need for Spectrum Sharing 137

8.2 Historical Approaches to Spectrum Sharing 139

8.2.1 Classifications of Spectrum Sharing 140

8.2.1.1 Orthogonality 140

8.2.1.2 Sharing Rights 141

8.2.1.3 Allocation of Resources 142

8.3 Network Slicing in the RAN 144

8.4 Radio Resource Allocation that Considers Spectrum Sharing 146

8.4.1 Example Radio Resource Allocation for Sharing Through Network Slicing 147

8.4.2 Other Considerations 153

8.5 Isolation 156

8.5.1 Example Isolation Results Using CAC 157

8.5.1.1 Type A: Baseline – CACWithout Network Isolation and Without Protection for Existing Users 158

8.5.1.2 Type B: Optimum Types – B1 and B2 158

8.5.1.3 Type C: Without Compensation – C1 and C2 159

8.6 Conclusions 162

Acknowledgments 163

References 163

9 Access Control and Handoff Policy Design for RAN Slicing 167
Yao Sun, Lei Zhang, Gang Feng and Muhammad Ali Imran

9.1 A Framework of User Access Control for RAN Slicing 167

9.1.1 System Model for RAN Slicing 168

9.1.2 UE Association Problem Description 170

9.1.3 Admission Control Mechanisms Design for RAN Slicing 170

9.1.3.1 Optimal QoS AC Mechanism 171

9.1.3.2 Num-AC Mechanism 176

9.1.4 Experiments, Results, and Discussions 177

9.2 Smart Handoff Policy Design for RAN Slicing 179

9.2.1 RAN Slice Based Mobile Network Model 179

9.2.2 Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning Based Handoff Framework 181

9.2.3 LESS Algorithm for Target BS and NS Selection 181

9.2.3.1 q-Value Update Policy 182

9.2.3.2 Optimal Action Policy 183

9.2.4 Experiment, Results, and Discussions 184

9.3 Summary 186

References 186

10 Robust RAN Slicing 189
Ruihan Wen and Gang Feng

10.1 Introduction 189

10.2 Network Model 190

10.2.1 Slice Failure Detection Process 190

10.2.2 System Model 191

10.3 Robust RAN Slicing 193

10.3.1 Failure Recovery Problem Formulation 193

10.3.2 Robust RAN Slicing Problem Formulation 195

10.3.3 Variable Neighborhood Search Based Heuristic for Robust RAN Slicing 196

10.4 Numerical Results 199

10.4.1 Performance Metrics 199

10.4.2 Simulation Scenarios and Settings 200

10.4.3 Results 201

10.5 Conclusions and Future Work 206

References 206

11 Flexible Function Split Over Ethernet Enabling RAN Slicing 209
Ghizlane Mountaser and Toktam Mahmoodi

11.1 Flexible Functional Split Toward RAN Slicing 209

11.1.1 Full Centralization and CPRI 209

11.1.2 RAN Functional Split 210

11.1.3 Flexible Functional Split as RAN Slicing Enabler 213

11.2 Fronthaul Reliability and Slicing by Deploying Multipath at the Fronthaul 213

11.2.1 Packet-Based Fronthaul 213

11.2.2 Multipath Packet-Based Fronthaul for Enhancing Reliability 213

11.2.3 Slicing Within Multipath Fronthaul 214

11.3 Experimentation Results Evaluation of Flexible Functional Split for RAN Slicing 214

11.3.1 Experimental Setup 214

11.3.2 Evaluation and Discussion of the Results 215

11.4 Simulation Results Analysis of Multipath Packet-Based Fronthaul for RAN Slicing 217

11.4.1 Simulation System Model 217

References 219

12 Service-Oriented RAN Support of Network Slicing 221
Wei Tan, Feng Han, Yinghao Jin and Chenchen Yang

12.1 Introduction 221

12.2 General Concept and Principles 222

12.2.1 Network Slicing Concepts 223

12.2.2 Overall RAN Subsystem 224

12.2.3 Key Principles of Network Slicing in RAN 225

12.3 RAN Subsystem Deployment Scenarios 227

12.4 Key Technologies to Enable Service-Oriented RAN Slicing 229

12.4.1 Device Awareness of RAN Part of Network Slice 230

12.4.2 Slice-Specific RAN Part of Network Slice 232

12.4.3 Mission-Driven Resource Utilization, Sharing, and Aggregation 234

12.4.4 Slice-Aware Connected UE Mobility 235

12.4.5 Slice-Level Handlings for Idle/Inactive UEs 237

12.5 Summary 237

References 238

13 5G Network Slicing for V2X Communications: Technologies and Enablers 239
Claudia Campolo, Antonella Molinaro and Vincenzo Sciancalepore

13.1 Introduction 239

13.2 Vehicular Applications 240

13.3 V2X Communication Technologies 241

13.3.1 The C-V2X Technology 242

13.3.1.1 The PC5 Radio Interface 242

13.3.1.2 The LTE-Uu Interface 242

13.3.1.3 Core Network 243

13.3.2 C-V2X Toward 5G 243

13.3.2.1 Radio Interface 243

13.3.2.2 Core Network 244

13.4 Cloudification in V2X Environments 245

13.4.1 The Role of MEC 245

13.4.2 ETSI MEC-Based Programmable Interfaces 246

13.4.3 MEC-Based Support for V2X Applications 247

13.5 Transport and Tunneling Protocol for V2X 248

13.5.1 GTP-U Encapsulation 248

13.5.2 Segment Routing v6 248

13.5.3 Scalability and Flexibility in SRv6 250

13.6 Network Slicing for V2X 251

13.6.1 3GPP Specifications 251

13.6.2 Literature Overview 252

13.7 Lessons Learnt and Guidelines 255

13.7.1 Slice Mapping and Identification 255

13.7.2 Multi-tenancy Management 255

13.7.3 Massive Communications 255

13.7.4 Transparent Mobility 256

13.7.5 Isolation 256

13.8 Conclusions 256

References 256

14 Optimizing Resource Allocation in URLLC for Real-Time Wireless Control Systems 259
Bo Chang, Liying Li and Guodong Zhao

14.1 Introduction 259

14.2 System Model with Latency and Reliability Constraints 261

14.2.1 Wireless Control Model 262

14.2.2 Wireless Communication Model 266

14.3 Communication-Control Co-Design 267

14.3.1 Communication Constraint 267

14.3.2 Control Constraint 268

14.3.3 Problem Formulation 269

14.4 Optimal Resource Allocation for The Proposed Co-Design 270

14.4.1 Relationship Between Control and Communication 270

14.4.2 Optimal Resource Allocation 271

14.4.2.1 Problem Conversion 271

14.4.2.2 Problem Solution 272

14.4.3 Optimal Control Convergence Rate 273

14.5 Simulations Results 273

14.5.1 Control Performance 274

14.5.2 Communication Performance 276

14.6 Conclusions 279

References 279

Index 283