Reinforcement of Rubber (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 9
Part I Filler Reinforcement of Rubber 13
1 Rubbery Materials and Soft Nanocomposites 14
1.1 Introduction to Rubber Reinforcement 14
1.2 Carbon Black-Loaded Natural Rubber Vulcanizate: The Pioneer of Polymer Composite 15
1.3 Reinforcement of Cross-Linked Rubber by Particulate Nanofiller 19
1.4 Development of Soft Nanocomposite 20
References 22
2 Filler and Rubber Reinforcement 24
2.1 Reinforcing Effect 24
2.2 Compounding Reagents for Rubber 28
2.3 Non-reinforcing Filler 30
2.4 Reinforcing Nanofiller 31
2.4.1 Introduction to Reinforcing Filler 31
2.4.2 Carbon Black (CB) 31
2.4.3 Particulate Silica 34
2.4.4 Non-spherical Rubber Reinforcing Materials 34
2.5 Reinforcing Factors of Particulate Nanofiller 35
2.5.1 Elucidation of Reinforcing Effects 35
2.5.2 Bound Rubber 36
2.5.3 Structuring of Nanofiller 38
2.5.4 Hydrodynamic Volume Effect by Filler Mixing 40
2.5.5 Structure Formation of Nanofiller: Filler Networks 44
2.6 Some More Remarks on Rubber Reinforcement 47
2.6.1 The Payne and the Mullins Effects 47
2.6.2 Reinforcement Theory by Sato and Furukawa 47
2.6.3 Rubber Mixing and Nanofiller Aggregate 48
2.6.4 Reconsideration of Hydrodynamic Volume Effect 49
2.6.5 Promoter for Rubber Reinforcement by Filler 51
References 51
Part II Analysis of Nanofiller Dispersion in Rubber Matrix 57
3 Principle and Practice of Three-Dimensional Transmission Electron Microscopy (3D-TEM) 58
3.1 Image Formation by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 58
3.2 Formation of Three-Dimensional Image by 3D-TEM 60
3.2.1 TEM and Tomography 60
3.2.2 Tomography Applied to TEM 61
3.2.3 Notable Points on 3D-TEM Measurement 64
References 65
4 Nanofiller Dispersion in Rubber as Revealed by 3D-TEM 66
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Particulate Silica Dispersion as Revealed by 3D-TEM 67
4.2.1 Pretreatment of Rubber Sample Cross-Linked by Sulfur/Accelerator System 67
4.2.2 3D-Imaging of Silica Dispersion and Its Analysis 70
4.2.3 Visualization of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Silica in Rubber Matrix 72
4.3 Carbon Black Dispersion as Revealed by 3D-TEM 79
4.3.1 Importance of Carbon Black in Rubber Reinforcement 79
4.3.2 3D-Imaging of Carbon Black Dispersion and Its Analysis 80
4.3.3 Network Formation of Carbon Black in Rubber Matrix 85
4.4 Dispersion of the Other Fillers as Revealed by 3D-TEM 88
References 89
5 Reinforcing Mechanism of Rubber by Nanofiller 91
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Prehistory up to the Beginning of Discussions on Rubber Reinforcement (Until the Early Second Half of the Twentieth Century) 92
5.3 Progress in the Modeling of Rubber Reinforcement (Until the End of the Twentieth Century) 94
5.4 Toward Nanofiller Networking in Rubber Matrix (Early in the Twenty-First Century) 96
5.5 Nanofiller Clustering as Revealed by Synchrotron Radiation 101
5.6 Semiflexible Nanofiller Networks with Bound Rubber and Proposal of a Tentative Rheological Model 105
References 110
Part III Non-Carbon Reinforcement of Rubber 113
6 Particulate Silica Reinforcement of Rubber 114
6.1 Use of Particulate Silica for High-Performance Rubber 114
6.1.1 Utilization of Wet Silica in Rubber Compounding 114
6.1.2 Wet Silica for Higher Performances 115
6.1.3 In Situ Compounding of Particulate Silica: A Soft Processing Method 116
6.2 Rubber Reinforcement by In Situ Silica 117
6.2.1 Silica Particle Generated at Place in the Cross-Linked Diene Rubber 117
6.2.2 Conventional Processing of Rubber Mixture with Silica Generated In Situ 121
6.2.3 Soft Processing from Latex Toward Network Structure of In Situ Silica 124
References 127
7 Rubber Reinforcement with Lignin 129
7.1 Lignin: Old, Still a Promising Filler 129
7.2 Mixing of Lignin into Rubber by a Soft Processing 132
7.3 Lignin as Reinforcing Filler for Soft Biocomposite 134
References 137
8 Self-Reinforcement in Natural Rubber (NR): Template Crystallization 139
8.1 Low-Temperature Crystallization of NR 139
8.1.1 Amorphous and Crystal 139
8.1.2 Nucleation and Low-Temperature Crystallization of NR 142
8.2 Template Crystallization: Dynamic Mechanism of Strain-Induced Crystallization of NR 146
8.2.1 Extended Network Chain 146
8.2.2 Formation of Template Followed by Instantaneous Strain-Induced Crystallization 148
8.2.3 Prospective Comments on a Kinetic Modeling of Template Crystallization 153
8.3 Self-Reinforcement Behavior of NR 157
8.3.1 Tensile Properties 157
8.3.2 Tear Property: Delay of Crack Growth by Template Crystallization 158
8.3.3 Fatigue Failure 161
8.3.4 Novel Functional Properties of Cross-Linked NR 164
References 167
Part IV Prospective Views on Rubber Reinforcement 171
9 Reinforcement in the Twenty-First Century 172
9.1 Globalization and Sustainable Development: Historical Background 172
9.1.1 Globalization: Transportation and Information 172
9.1.2 Rapid Progress of Technology and Social Changes 176
9.2 Soft Materials in the Twenty-First Century 179
9.3 Soft Nanocomposites in the Twenty-First Century 182
9.3.1 Transportation Society and Rubber Reinforcement 182
9.3.2 Future of Reinforced Rubbery Materials 187
References 190