Chloride-Induced Steel Corrosion in Concrete Under Service Loads (eBook)

Preface 5
Acknowledgments 7
Contents 8
Abbreviations 11
List of Figures 13
List of Tables 20
1 Introduction 22
1.1 Background 22
1.2 Marine Environment 22
1.3 Composition and Properties of Concrete 25
1.4 Supplementary Cementitious Materials 26
1.5 Pore Structure and Transport Properties of Concrete 27
1.6 Electrochemical Reaction of Chloride-Induced Corrosion 27
1.7 Content of This Book 28
References 29
2 Chloride Ingress in Stressed Concrete 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 The Loading Effect Factor 32
2.2.1 Damage Influence Factor 32
2.2.2 Definition of the Damage Variable 33
2.2.3 Derivation of Loading Effect Factor 36
2.3 Effect of Flexural Loading on Chloride Ingress 38
2.3.1 Experimental Program 38
2.3.2 Influence of Flexural Load on Saturated Concrete 41
2.3.3 Influence of Flexural Load on Non-saturated Concrete 43
2.4 Fatigue Loads on Moisture Transport 44
2.4.1 Surface Factor 44
2.4.2 Damage Variable of Fatigue-Damaged Concrete 44
2.4.3 Experimental Programs 45
2.4.4 Moisture Transport in Surface Concrete 49
2.4.5 Influence Factors on the Surface Factor 51
2.4.6 Surface Mass Transfer Area 52
2.5 Fatigue Loads on Chloride Ingress 53
2.5.1 Experimental Program 53
2.5.2 Chloride Profiles in Fatigue-Damaged Concrete 55
2.5.3 Fatigue Loading Effect Factor 55
2.6 Conclusions 59
References 60
3 Chloride Ingress in Cracked Concrete 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Moisture Influential Depth 62
3.2.1 Experimental Program 62
3.2.2 Cyclic RH Change 65
3.2.3 Cyclic Temperature Change 67
3.2.4 Fog Environment 67
3.2.5 Rainfall Environment 67
3.3 Chloride Diffusion in Cracked Concrete in Saturated States 71
3.3.1 Experimental Program 71
3.3.2 Chloride Diffusion Coefficient 71
3.4 Chloride Penetration into Cracked Concrete Under Wet-Dry Cycles 73
3.4.1 Experimental Program 73
3.4.2 Chloride Profiles in Cracks 74
3.5 Conclusions 77
References 79
4 Influence of Environmental Condition on Chloride Ingress into Loaded Concrete 80
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Cyclic Wet-Dry Salt-Fog Environment 80
4.2.1 Experimental Program 80
4.2.2 Internal RH Evolution in Concrete Under Salt-Fog Environments 82
4.2.3 Influence of Exposure Duration on Chloride Profiles 87
4.2.4 Influence of Binder Type on Chloride Profiles 87
4.2.5 Influence of Exposure Orientation on Chloride Profiles 91
4.3 Cyclic Carbonation and Wet-Dry Condition 91
4.3.1 Experimental Program 91
4.3.2 Influence of Carbonation on Chloride Profiles 95
4.3.3 Influence of Sustained Loading 99
4.4 Interaction Between Carbonation and Chloride Attack 99
4.5 Conclusions 102
References 103
5 Corrosion Development in Concrete Beams Under Service Loads 104
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 Experimental Program 104
5.3 Crack Mapping 108
5.4 Optical Microscopy Examination 110
5.4.1 3D Laser Scanning 110
5.5 EMPA 115
5.6 The Effect of Cover Thickness on Corrosion Characteristics 120
5.6.1 Experimental Program 120
5.6.2 Rust Distribution 123
5.6.3 Parameter Analysis 127
5.6.4 Correlation Between ? and Crack Width 128
5.7 Conclusions 131
References 132
6 Mechanical Degradation of Concrete Beams Corroded Under Service Loads 134
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Experimental Program 135
6.3 Cracking Map 138
6.4 Distribution of Mass Loss of Corroded Rebar 146
6.5 Loads-Deflection Responses 149
6.6 Conclusions 157
References 157