Energy and Thermal Management, Air-Conditioning, and Waste Heat Utilization (eBook)

Foreword 5
Contents 6
Energy and Thermal Management 8
Choice of Energetically Optimal Operating Points in Thermal Management of Electric Drivetrain Components 9
Abstract 9
1 Introduction 9
2 Simulation Model 10
2.1 Drivetrain Model 10
2.2 Cooling Circuit and Underhood Model 11
2.3 Energy Flows Within the Model 12
2.4 Model Parametrization 12
3 Simulation Approach 14
3.1 Cooling System Control Strategy 15
3.2 Boundary Conditions 15
4 Simulation Results 16
5 Conclusion and Outlook 18
Acknowledgements 19
Appendix 19
References 20
Higher Cruising Range Through Smart Thermal Management in Electric Vehicles – Interaction Between Air Conditioning and Cooling System Components in the Overall Network 21
1 Introduction 21
2 Thermal Management Requirements 22
3 Concept Preparation in the Development of Thermal Management 24
4 System Development 25
5 Component Development 27
6 Concept Evaluation 31
7 Summary 35
References 35
Auxiliary Heating, Cooling and Power Generation in Vehicles Based on Stirling Engine Technology 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 38
2.1 Regenerator Layout and Operating Principles 38
2.2 Basic Analysis of Regenerative Cycles 38
2.3 Operating Principles of the Vuilleumier Cycle and the Hybrid Cycle 39
3 Practical Considerations and Potentials 41
4 Conclusions for Potential Vehicular Applications 43
References 44
Experimental Investigation on Effect of Fuel Property on Emissions and Performance of a Light-Duty Diesel Engine 46
Abstract 46
1 Introduction 46
2 Biodiesel Preparation and Purification 48
3 Experimental Methodology 49
4 Results and Discussion 50
5 Conclusions 53
Acknowledgement 53
References 54
Conception and First Functional Tests of a Novel Piston-Type Steam Expansion Engine for the Use in Stationary WHR Systems 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Rotational Wing Piston Expansion Engine 57
2.1 Working Principle 57
2.2 Mechanical Components 59
3 Sealing Systems on the Expander 60
3.1 Requirements for Seals and Sealing Material 61
3.2 Overview of the Used Rotational Sealing Concepts 61
3.3 Concepts for Piston Seals 63
3.4 Hub Seals 68
4 Testing of Different Sealing Types 68
4.1 Testbench 68
4.2 Testing-Cycles 69
4.3 Results 69
4.4 Application on the Prototype 71
5 Summary/Conclusion 71
References 71
Thermal High Performance Storages for Use in Vehicle Applications 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Design of a Thermal High Performance Storage 73
3 Boundary Conditions 75
3.1 Reference Scenario 75
3.2 Reference Vehicle 76
3.3 Integration of the THS into the Vehicle 77
4 Results and Discussion 78
4.1 Properties of the Thermal High Performance Storage 78
4.2 Range of the Vehicle 79
4.3 Comparison of Thermal High Performance Storages to State of the Art Heating Systems 80
5 Conclusion and Outlook 83
References 83
Determination of the Cooling Medium Composition in an Indirect Cooling System 86
1 Introduction 86
2 Heat Exchanger Model and Possible Applications 89
2.1 Dimensionless Temperature Change 90
2.2 Applications 91
3 Experimental Setup and Results 92
3.1 Test Bench 92
3.2 Vehicle Measurements 94
4 Concentration Models 97
4.1 Characteristic Maps 97
4.2 Analytical Model 98
5 Summary and Outlook 101
References 103
Air Conditioning 105
Approach for the Transient Thermal Modeling of a Vehicle Cabin 106
1 Introduction 106
1.1 Modeling Approach 108
2 Model Description 108
2.1 3D Reference Model 109
2.2 Reduced Model 110
2.3 Parameter Modeling 112
3 Validation 115
4 Conclusions 121
References 122
Personalized Air-Conditioning in Electric Vehicles Using Sensor Fusion and Model Predictive Control 124
1 Introduction 124
2 System Architecture 126
2.1 MORPHEUS Numerical Thermophysiological Model 127
2.2 BCM Comfort Model 128
2.3 Local Actuators 129
2.4 Model Predictive Control 130
3 Conclusion 133
References 134
Simply Cozy - Adaptive Controlling for an Individualized Climate Comfort 135
Abstract 135
1 Motivation 135
2 Adaptation of User Preferences to a Climate Controller 136
3 Results 139
4 Conclusion and Outlook 142
References 142
Waste Heat Recovery 143
Waste Heat Recovery Potential on Heavy Duty Long Haul Trucks – A Comparison 144
Abstract 144
1 Introduction 144
1.1 Context 144
1.2 Objectives of This Study 145
2 Simulation Approach and Boundary Conditions 145
2.1 Rankine Cycle Model and Hybrid Driveline 146
2.2 Application and Rankine Cycle Architecture Scope 148
2.3 Road Cycle Description 149
3 Results 150
3.1 Exhaust Recovery Results 150
3.2 Coolant Recovery Results 152
4 Conclusions 153
References 155
Combining Low- and High-Temperature Heat Sources in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine for Maximum Waste Heat Recovery Using Rankine and Flash Cycles 157
1 Introduction 158
2 Methodology 160
2.1 The Heavy Duty Diesel Engine 160
2.2 Thermodynamic Cycles 161
3 Results 164
3.1 Configuration 1 165
3.2 Configuration 2 167
3.3 Recuperation 168
3.4 Long-Haul Cycle Conditions 169
4 Discussion 171
5 Conclusions 172
References 173
Simulative Investigation of the Influence of a Rankine Cycle Based Waste Heat Utilization System on Fuel Consumption and Emissions for Heavy Duty Utility Vehicles 175
Abstract 175
1 Introduction 175
2 Description Engine and Cooling System 176
3 Waste Heat Recovery System Model 178
3.1 Modeling Approach of Waste Heat Recovery System for Design Point 179
3.2 Pre-control of Working Fluid Mass Flow 183
3.3 Results of Simulation for Off-Design Operating Points 185
4 Interaction Between Internal Combustion Engine and WHR System 186
4.1 Comparison Between EGR Cooler and EGR Evaporator 187
4.2 EGT Exhaust Gas Backpressure 188
4.3 Reduction of Engine Load 189
5 Discussion of Cooling Condition for WHR System 192
6 Conclusion 193
Acknowledgments 194
References 195
RETRACTED CHAPTER: Requirements for Battery Enclosures - Design Considerations and Practical Examples 197
Abstract 197
0 197
Design of a Thermoelectric Generator for Heavy-Duty Vehicles: Approach Based on WHVC and Real Driving Vehicle Boundary Conditions 198
1 Introduction 199
2 Methodology 200
2.1 Realistic Operation Conditions 200
2.2 TEG Model Development 202
3 Results and Discussion 205
3.1 Potential Analyses 205
3.2 Simulation Results and Validation 209
4 Conclusions 211
References 212
Author Index 214