Optical and Wireless Technologies (eBook)

Dr. Vijay Janyani obtained his Bachelors and Masters degrees in Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) from Malaviya Regional Engineering College, Jaipur (now MNIT, Jaipur) and his PhD from the George Green Institute for Electromagnetics Research in Nottingham (U.K.). He has received various awards and honours, such as the University of Nottingham’s Derrick Kirk Prize, the Commonwealth Scholarship UK, and the All India Council for Technical Education Career Award. He has completed various national and international government-funded research projects, and was a member of the visiting faculty at the AIT Bangkok and UoTEM Tunisia. His current research interests include optical communication, optoelectronics and photonics, numerical modelling, nonlinear optics, radio frequency (RF) and microwaves, optical networks, and solar energy. Dr. Ghanshyam Singh received his Masters and PhD degrees in ECE from Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur. He has been a visiting scholar/visiting professor at various universities and research centres, in the UK, Finland and Japan. Dr. Singh is engaged in joint research projects with partner researchers from Keio University (Japan), the University of Vienna (Austria), Cairo University (Egypt) and Lviv Polytechnic National University (LNPU) (Ukraine). His current research interests include antenna engineering, micro and nano-structured photonic devices, and networks and non-linear characteristics of photonic crystal fibers. Dr. Paolo Minzioni completed his PhD studies in 2006 and currently works at the Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia. He is co-investigator of the European FABULOUS and NISTAS projects. Dr. Minzioni has authored more than 50 research articles in international peer-reviewed journals and he is co-inventor of 6 international patent applications. Dr. Manish Tiwari received his Ph.D. in Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) in the field of Photonics from Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur. He is currently a professor at Manipal University, Jaipur. He was a visiting researcher at City University, London in 2010 and 2011 and Tsinghua University, Beijing, China in 2016. Dr. Tiwari has presented talks at a number of universities in Hong Kong, Bangkok, and London. He has also served on the panel of experts at various workshops. His current research interests include micro/nano-structured photonic devices, nonlinear optics and photonic crystal fibers.  

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Organizing Committee 9
Chief Patron 9
Patrons 9
General Chairs 9
Conveners 9
Organizing Secretaries 9
IETE Oversight Committee 10
Sponsorship Committee 10
Registration Committee 10
Publication Committee 10
Hospitality Committee 10
International Advisory Committee 11
Technical Program Committee 11
Our Reviewers 12
Contents 15
Invited Speakers 22
Editors and Contributors 27
1 Analysis of OFDM-MIMO with BPSK Modulation and Different Antenna Configurations Using Alamouti STBC 40
Abstract 40
1 Introduction 41
2 System Model 42
3 The System Analysis 42
4 Results 44
5 Conclusion 48
References 48
2 Performance Analysis of Atmospheric Conditions Over Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Communication 49
Abstract 49
1 Introduction 49
2 Free-Space Optical Communication System 50
2.1 System Design 51
2.2 Free-Space Path Loss 52
2.3 Calculation of Atmospheric Losses 52
3 Analytical and Simulation Results 53
3.1 Analysis of Atmospheric Attenuation 53
3.2 Calculation of Bit Error Rate (BER) 55
3.3 Minimum Required Value of Optical Power 55
3.4 Synthesis of Atmospheric Conditions 56
4 Conclusions 57
References 57
3 Design and Analysis of Spiral Photonic Crystal Fiber for Ultra-Flattened Dispersion for C+L+U 59
Abstract 59
1 Introduction 59
2 Proposed PCF Structure and Theory 60
2.1 Effective Area 62
3 Result and Discussion 63
4 Conclusion 64
Acknowledgements 65
References 65
A New Technique to Construct Zero Cross-Correlation Code for SAC-OCDMA 67
1 Introduction 67
2 Code Construction Technique 68
2.1 Algorithm 68
2.2 Example 69
3 BER Calculation 70
4 Simulation Results 72
5 Conclusion 75
References 75
5 Design of Octagonal and Decagonal Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber for Achieving Ultra Low Flattened Dispersion 76
Abstract 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Simulation Methodology 77
3 Design Methodology 78
3.1 Chromatic Dispersion 79
3.2 Effective Mode Area ( {/varvec A}_{{{/varvec eff}}} ) 79
3.3 Nonlinear Coefficient (?) 80
3.4 V Parameter 80
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 80
4.1 Effective Refractive Index 80
4.2 Chromatic Dispersion 81
4.3 Effective Mode Area 83
4.4 Nonlinear Coefficient 84
5 Conclusion 85
Acknowledgements 86
References 86
6 Transmission Properties of Lower Refractive Index Liquid Filled Hexagon Solid Core PCF 87
Abstract 87
1 Introduction 88
2 Fiber Configuration 89
3 Simulation Result 90
4 Conclusion 98
References 98
7 Design and Analysis of Rhombus-Shaped Dual-Core Propylene Glycol Filled PCF 100
Abstract 100
1 Introduction 101
2 Configuration of Rhombus PCF 102
3 Simulation Result 102
4 Conclusion 108
References 108
8 High-sensitive Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Different Temperature Application 110
Abstract 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Spectral Reflectivity Dependence on Grating Length 111
3 Principle of Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors 112
4 The Refractive Index of the Fiber Core Changes Due to Thermo-Optic Effect 114
5 Conclusion 115
References 116
9 A Classification of Emotion and Gender Using Local Biorthogonal Binary Pattern from Detailed Wavelet Coefficient Face Image 117
Abstract 117
1 Introduction 117
2 Related Work 118
3 Proposed System 119
3.1 Preprocessing 120
3.2 Feature Extraction Technique 120
3.3 Support Vector Machine 121
4 Experimental Analysis 122
4.1 Dataset Used for Experimentation 122
4.2 Criteria of Performance 123
4.3 Evaluation of Emotion and Gender Classification 124
4.4 Cross-Database Performance on Occluded Face Database 124
5 Conclusion 125
References 125
10 Performance of Digital Communication System Over OWDP Fading Channels 128
Abstract 128
1 Introduction 128
2 Channel and System 129
3 Performance Analysis of OWDP Fading 130
3.1 Outage Probability 130
3.2 Aber 131
3.2.1 Coherent Modulation 131
3.2.2 Non-Coherent Modulation 131
4 Numerical Outcomes and Analysis 132
5 Conclusion 133
Paper no: #1570333678 134
Paper no: #1570333678 135
References 136
11 Magneto-Optical Tuning of Refractive Index for Bidispersed Ferrofluid 137
Abstract 137
1 Introduction 137
2 Theory 138
3 Discussion 139
3.1 Magnetic Mie Resonance 139
3.2 Optical Limiting due to Refractive Index Mismatch 140
3.3 Magnetic Hole Theory 140
4 Conclusion 140
References 141
12 Mach–Zehnder Interferometer-Based 3-Bit All-Optical Sequence Detector 142
Abstract 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Three-Bit Sequence Detector Using Mach–Zehnder Interferometers 143
2.1 Working Principle of the Proposed Sequence Detector 144
3 Implementation and Simulation Results Using BPM 146
4 Conclusion 151
References 151
13 Improving Dynamic Range of RoF System Using Dual-Drive Mach-Zehnder Modulator 153
Abstract 153
1 Introduction 153
2 Principle 154
3 Simulation and Results 155
4 Conclusion 159
References 159
14 Positioning LED Panel for Uniform Illuminance in Indoor VLC System Using Whale Optimization 161
Abstract 161
1 Introduction 161
2 Positioning LED Panel for Uniform Illuminance and Improving SNR 162
3 Solution Using Whale Optimization 165
3.1 Fitness Function of the Problem 165
3.2 Whale Optimization Algorithm 165
4 Simulations and Discussion of Results 166
5 Conclusion 168
Acknowledgements 169
References 169
15 A Novel Method for Distortion Suppression in Radio over Fiber Communication Systems Using FBG 170
Abstract 170
1 Introduction 170
2 Nonlinearity Issues 172
3 Proposed System 173
4 Simulated Results 175
5 Conclusions 176
16 Digitized RoF Technique for Multiservice Fiber-Radio Systems 178
Abstract 178
1 Introduction 178
2 Radio Over Fiber System 179
3 Basic DRoF Single Service Systems 181
4 Photonic Microwave-to-Digital Converter 183
5 DRoF System Using Photonic ADC 184
6 Simulation Results 185
7 Conclusion 187
References 187
17 Study of Microstructure and Microhole Fabrication on PDMS by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing Technique for Development of Miniaturized Photonic Devices 188
Abstract 188
1 Introduction 188
2 Experimental Setup 189
3 Results and Discussions 190
3.1 Microstructure Fabrication 190
3.1.1 Effect of Laser Pulse Energy 190
3.1.2 Effect of Translation Speed 190
3.1.3 Effect of Depth of Fabrication 191
3.2 Microholes Array Fabrication on PDMS 191
4 Conclusion 193
Acknowledgements 193
References 193
18 First-Principle Calculations of Optical Properties of LiInTe2 at Different Pressures 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Computational Details 195
3 Result and Discussion 195
4 Conclusion 198
References 198
19 A Top-Down Approach for Fabrication of Nanorods on GaN-Based LEDs Using Self-Assembled Ni 200
Abstract 200
1 Introduction 200
1.1 Methods of Fabrication of Nanostructures 201
2 Experimental Details 202
3 Result 203
4 Conclusion 204
Acknowledgements 204
References 204
20 MgO Doped Lithium Niobate Waveguides Based All Optical Modulator 206
Abstract 206
1 Introduction 207
2 Theory and Design Analysis 207
3 Discussion 208
4 Conclusion 210
Acknowledgements 210
References 210
21 Optimized 2 × 1 Multiplexer Based on Reversible Logic Using Titanium-indiffused Lithium Niobate Channel Waveguides 211
Abstract 211
1 Introduction 211
2 Working Principle of SOA-MZI Switch 212
3 2 × 1 MUX Using Reversible Logic 213
3.1 Implementation of Multiplexer 213
3.2 Result and Discussion 214
4 Conclusion 217
Acknowledgements 217
References 217
22 Quantum Well Width Effect on Intraband Optical Absorption in Type-II InAs/AlSb Nano-Scale Heterostructure 218
Abstract 218
1 Introduction 218
2 Device Structure Information and Theory 219
3 Results and Discussion 220
4 Conclusion 223
Acknowledgements 224
References 224
23 Multi-material Photonic Crystal Fiber in MIR Region for Broadband Supercontinuum Generation 225
Abstract 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Method of Analysis 227
3 Proposed PCFs Design and Analysis 229
4 Supercontinuum Generation in Proposed PCF 231
5 Conclusion 234
Acknowledgments 234
References 234
24 WDM-Based Visible Light Communication System 236
Abstract 236
1 Introduction 236
2 WDM-Based VLC System 238
3 Simulation Results 240
4 Conclusion 241
References 241
25 BER Comparison of OFDM System with the Mapping of Different Modulation Techniques Over Conventional Modulation Technique 243
Abstract 243
1 Introduction 243
2 OFDM System Model 244
3 BER Performance of OFDM System 246
4 Simulation Result 247
5 Conclusion 249
References 249
26 Optical Investigation of Cu Diffusion Depth in LiNbO3 Crystals Under High-Temperature Treatment 251
Abstract 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Experimental Details 252
3 Results and Discussion 253
4 Conclusions 256
Acknowledgements 256
References 256
27 Invisible Image Watermarking by DWT-HUFFMAN-EZW Methodology 258
Abstract 258
1 Introduction 258
2 Related Work 259
3 Proposed Methodology 260
3.1 Discrete Wavelet Transform 260
3.2 EZW (Embedded Zero Tree Wavelet) 261
3.3 Huffman Coder Architecture 264
4 Results 265
5 Conclusion 267
References 268
28 Nanocavity-Coupled Waveguide Photonic Crystal Biosensor for Detection of Hemoglobin Concentration in Blood 269
Abstract 269
1 Introduction 270
2 Theory 271
3 Designing of a Biosensor 271
4 Nanocavity-Coupled Waveguide PC Biosensor 272
5 Result 273
6 Conclusion 275
References 275
29 Survey on FSO Communication System—Limitations and Enhancement Techniques 276
Abstract 276
1 Introduction 277
2 General Block Diagram of FSO System 277
3 Key Points of FSO 279
3.1 Advantages: FSO Communication Has Got a Lot of Advantages like 279
3.2 Applications: The Number of Potential Applications in Various Fields of FOS Communication System Has Been Observed as Mentioned Below 280
3.3 Limitations: In Spite of Number of Advantages and Applications of FSO, It Has Some Limitations that May Lead to Challenges 281
3.4 Possible Solutions 282
3.5 Reported Works 282
4 Conclusion 284
References 284
30 Optical Properties of Photonic Crystal Fibers 286
Abstract 286
1 Introduction 286
2 Brief History 287
3 PCF Structures and Developments 287
4 Properties of PCF 290
4.1 Birefringence 290
4.2 Nonlinearity 290
4.3 Chromatic Dispersion 291
4.4 Confinement Loss 292
5 Conclusion 294
References 294
31 Measurement of Parameters of Frequency-Locked Two-Mirror Laser Resonator 297
Abstract 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Parameters of Compact Resonators 298
2.1 Finesse 298
2.2 Enhancement Factor 299
3 Experimental Set-ups and Measurements 300
3.1 Experimental Set-up for Frequency-Locked Resonator 300
3.2 Experimental Set-up for Gold Slip Resonator 300
4 Comsol Simulations 302
4.1 Modelling of Cavity 302
5 Feedback Control System 303
5.1 Position Feedback Control System 303
5.2 Temperature Feedback Control System 304
6 Conclusion and Analysis 306
References 306
32 Photonic Crystal Fiber: A Review 307
Abstract 307
1 Introduction 307
2 Holey Fibers 308
2.1 Lattice Pitch 309
2.2 Core Diameter 309
2.3 Hole Size 309
3 Photonic BandGap Fibers 310
4 Generation of Photonic BandGap 310
5 Applications of PCF 311
6 Advantages of PCF 312
7 Conclusion 312
References 313
33 Slow-Light Enhanced Second Harmonic Generation in Lithium Niobate Photonic Crystal Waveguides 314
Abstract 314
1 Introduction 315
2 Background and Structural Analysis 315
3 Fast and Slow Light 317
4 Second Harmonic Generation 318
5 Conclusion 319
References 319
34 Design Optimization of a Highly Birefringent and Highly Nonlinear Silicon Photonic Crystal Fiber 320
Abstract 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Structure and Design of Slot Spiral PCF 321
3 Simulation Results and Discussion 322
4 Conclusion 326
References 326
35 Comparison of Logic Built-in-Self Test Techniques Based on FPGA in Verilog 328
Abstract 328
1 Introduction 328
2 Test Pattern Generators 329
3 Results 331
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 333
References 334
36 Network Selection by Vertical Handoff in Heterogeneous Vehicular Network Using Fuzzy MADM-TOPSIS 335
Abstract 335
1 Introduction 335
1.1 Vertical Handover Decision 336
1.2 MADM-TOPSIS Method 336
1.3 Fuzzy Logic Method 337
2 Proposed Methodology 337
2.1 Simulation Parameters 339
2.2 Comparison Parameters 339
2.3 Justification of MADM-TOPSIS 340
3 Conclusion 341
References 341
37 Investigations into Polarisations in Dielectric Resonator Antenna 343
Abstract 343
1 Introduction 343
1.1 Previous Work in Tabular Format 344
2 Design Specifications of CDRA 345
3 Mathematical Formulations 346
4 Results and Discussions 348
5 Conclusion 351
References 351
38 A Dielectric Resonator Inspired Displacement Sensor 352
Abstract 352
1 Introduction 352
2 Principle of Operation 353
3 The Geometry 353
4 Sensitivity Study 355
5 Conclusion 356
Acknowledgements 357
References 357
ENL-AODV: Energy and Load-Based Routing Protocol in Ad Hoc Networks 358
1 Introduction 359
2 Overview of AODV Routing Protocol 360
2.1 AODV 360
2.2 Jitter Technique for Request Broadcasting in AODV 361
2.3 Limitation of AODV 361
2.4 ENL-AODV Routing Protocol 361
3 Mathematical Model of Proposed Protocol 362
3.1 Residual Energy Consideration of Node 362
3.2 Load Level Consideration of Node 363
3.3 The Delay Model 364
4 Performance Evaluation and Results 364
4.1 Simulation Environment 364
4.2 Results 364
5 Conclusion 367
References 367
40 Layered Software Defined Networking 368
Abstract 368
1 Introduction 369
1.1 Need of Generic SDN Architecture 369
1.2 Why Layered Design? 370
2 Motivation 370
2.1 OSI 370
2.2 TCP/IP 371
3 Layer Description and SDN Controller Modules 371
3.1 Physical Layer 371
3.1.1 Physical/Virtual Switch 371
3.2 Device Link Layer 372
3.2.1 OpenFlow 372
3.2.2 Other Standards (BGP) 372
3.3 Service Abstraction Layer 373
3.3.1 Connection Service 373
3.3.2 Packet Service 373
3.3.3 Switch/Link Discovery 373
3.3.4 Accounting 373
3.4 Worker Layer 374
3.4.1 Connection Manager 374
3.4.2 Device Management 374
3.4.3 Host Tracker 374
3.4.4 Flow Table and Action 374
3.5 Management Layer 375
3.5.1 Topology Manager 375
3.5.2 Status Manager 375
3.5.3 Routing Manager 375
3.6 Presentation Layer 375
3.6.1 North Bound Interface 376
3.7 Application Layer 376
3.7.1 Connection Service API 376
3.7.2 Network Configuration API 376
3.7.3 CLI/GUI 376
4 Inter-Module Communication Algorithms 377
4.1 Link/Switch Discovery 378
4.2 Route Discovery 378
5 Conclusions 379
Resource Allocation at MAC to Provide QoS for Cognitive Radio Networks 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Existing Work 381
3 System Model 382
4 Proposed Solution 385
5 Simulation results 385
6 Conclusion 390
References 390
42 Performance Improvement in Inter-satellite Optical Wireless Communication to Mitigate Losses Using Diversity Technique 392
Abstract 392
1 Introduction 392
2 Design Consideration of the Proposed System 393
2.1 Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking (PAT) 394
2.2 Diversity 394
3 The Proposed System 395
4 Result 396
4.1 Consequence of Input Power 396
4.2 Impact of Bit-Rate 397
4.3 Consequence of Tx/Rx Antenna Aperture 397
4.4 Consequence of Modulation Format 398
5 Conclusion 399
References 399
43 Resilient Network and Loop-Free Forwarding Using Time Synchronization 400
Abstract 400
1 Introduction 400
1.1 Looping Scenario 401
2 Related Work 402
3 Rerouting Scheme 402
3.1 Overview 402
3.2 Proactive and Reactive Rerouting 403
3.3 Network Model 403
4 Theoretical Evaluation 405
4.1 Convergence Time 405
4.2 Protocol Independent 405
4.3 Guaranteed Loop Freeness 406
5 Conclusion and Future Work 406
References 406
44 Localization Independent Aspects of Topology Control in Wireless Sensor Networks 407
Abstract 407
1 Introduction 407
2 Related Work 409
3 Algorithm 410
4 Simulation 411
5 Conclusions 415
References 415
45 Evaluation of Rate Matching of Turbo Code for 3GPP LTE System 417
Abstract 417
1 Introduction 417
2 Turbo Code for LTE 419
2.1 Encoder 419
2.2 Decoder 420
3 Rate Matching for Turbo Codes 421
4 System Model 423
5 Simulation and Result 424
6 Conclusions 426
References 426
46 Copy-Move Detection Using Gray Level Run Length Matrix Features 427
Abstract 427
1 Introduction 427
2 Related Work 429
3 GLRLM 430
3.1 Gray Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM) 430
3.2 Features of GLRLM 430
4 Proposed Scheme 430
4.1 Preprocessing the Input Image 432
4.2 Dividing Image into Overlapping Blocks 432
4.3 Extracting Texture Features of the Blocks 432
4.4 Matching of Texture Features to Locate Similar Blocks 432
4.5 Post-Processing of Results 433
5 Results 433
6 Conclusion 435
References 436
47 A Novel Triple Band Pass Frequency Selective Surface for the Proliferation the Performance of WiMax and WLAN 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz 437
Abstract 437
1 Introduction 437
2 Design of the Superstrate 438
2.1 Unit Cell 438
2.2 Design of Finite Array 438
3 Results and Discussion 440
3.1 Insertion Loss of Unit Cell 440
3.2 Surface Current 440
3.3 Incidence Angle Variation 440
3.4 Absorption, Reflection, and Transmission 442
3.5 Variation of Parameter of Circle 442
3.6 Variation of Parameter of Rectangle 443
4 Conclusion 443
References 444
48 Compact Triple-Band Stubs-Loaded Rectangular Monopole Antenna for WiMAX/WLAN Applications 445
Abstract 445
1 Introduction 445
2 Antenna Configuration and Design Approach 446
3 Results and Discussion 449
4 Conclusion 450
References 451
49 A Triple Band-Reject Frequency Selective Surface for Broadband Applications 452
Abstract 452
1 Introduction 452
2 Design 453
2.1 Cell Description 453
2.2 Design of Finite Array 454
3 Results and Discussions 455
3.1 Transmission, Reflection, and Absorption Coefficient for Single Cell 455
3.2 Surface Current 455
3.3 Effect on Transmission Coefficient Due to Variation in Parameters 457
3.4 Effect on Transmission Coefficient Due to Variation of Incidence Angle on Unit Cell 459
4 Conclusion 460
References 460
50 Design of a Spiral-Shaped Slotted Multiband Antenna 462
Abstract 462
1 Introduction 462
2 Proposed Antenna Design 463
3 Simulation and Measured Results 464
4 Conclusion 469
References 469
51 Highly Selective, Closely Spaced Triple-Band Frequency Selective Surface for the Intensification in the Performance of WiMax and WLAN 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz 470
Abstract 470
1 Introduction 470
2 Designing of Superstrate 471
2.1 Unit Cell 471
2.2 Design of Finite Array 472
3 Results and Discussion 472
3.1 Insertion Loss of Unit Cell 472
3.2 Surface Current 474
3.3 Incident Angle Variation 475
3.4 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission 476
3.5 Variations in the Outer Decagon 476
3.6 Variations in the Inner Decagon 477
4 Conclusion 477
References 477
Compressed Sensing Based Network Lifetime Enhancement in Wireless Sensor Networks 479
1 Introduction 479
2 Compressed Sensing 480
3 Joint Sparsity Models for DCS 481
4 Proposed Scheme for Network Lifetime Enhancement 482
5 Conclusion 485
References 485
53 A Small Monopole W-Shaped Antenna for UWB and X-Band Applications with Band Notch for WiMAX 486
Abstract 486
1 Introduction 486
2 Antenna Design and Configuration 487
3 Outcomes and Discussion 488
4 Conclusion 493
References 493
54 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication—A Vertical Handover Algorithm Based on Vehicle Speed 494
Abstract 494
1 Introduction 494
2 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication 495
2.1 Inter-Vehicle Communication 495
2.2 Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication 496
2.3 V2V/V2R Communication Protocol 496
2.4 Dedicated Short Range Communication 496
2.5 Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment 498
3 Handover Protocol 498
3.1 Speed-Based Vertical Handover Protocol 499
4 Conclusions 501
Acknowledgments 501
References 501
55 Design a Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna at 60 GHz for Millimeter Wave Mobile Communication 503
Abstract 503
1 Introduction 503
2 Structure of Slotted Antenna and Dimensions 504
3 Results and Comparisons 506
4 Conclusion 508
References 508
56 Study of Electromagnetic Radiation Effects on Human Body and Reduction Techniques 509
Abstract 509
1 Introduction 509
2 Effects of Em Radiation on Human Body 511
2.1 Effect on Male Fertility 512
2.2 Effect on Ear 512
2.3 Effect on Pacemaker 513
3 EMR Exposure Guidelines and Limits 513
4 Em Radiation Reduction Techniques 514
4.1 Specific Absorption Rate Shielding 515
4.2 Control of Power 515
4.3 Beam Forming 515
4.4 Massive MIMO 516
5 Conclusion 516
References 516
57 Challenges and Issues in Implementation of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks 518
Abstract 518
1 Introduction 518
2 Issues for UWSNs 519
3 Challenges for UWSNs 521
4 Conclusion 524
References 524
58 Microstrip Line Geometric Variation Consequences for Linear Parameters of Microwave Amplifiers 526
Abstract 526
1 Introduction 527
2 Research Background 527
3 Design Blocks of LNA 528
3.1 Case 1: Design with Linear Microstrip Line 530
3.2 Case 2: Design with Mitered (U-Bend) Microstrip Line 533
4 Conclusion 539
References 539
59 A Novel Image Steganography and Steganalysis Technique Based on Pattern Searching 541
Abstract 541
1 Introduction 542
2 Related Work 542
3 Proposed Work 543
4 Results 544
5 Conclusion 546
60 DOA Estimation of Coherent Sources Using QPSO in WSN 548
Abstract 548
1 Introduction 548
2 Problem Formulation 549
2.1 Single Snapshot Signal Model 549
2.2 Fitness Function for DOA Estimation 550
3 DOA Estimation of Correlated Sources with Single Snapshot Using QPSO Algorithm 550
3.1 Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization 550
3.2 DOA Estimation of Correlated Sources Using QPSO Algorithm 551
4 Simulation Results 552
4.1 Convergence Performance 553
4.2 Performance Comparison for Different Correlation Coefficient 554
5 Conclusion 555
References 555
61 A Silver-Coated Scheme for Detection and Prevention Against Vampire Attack in Wireless Sensor Network 556
Abstract 556
1 Introduction 557
2 Assumption and Routing Protocol 557
2.1 Assumption 557
2.2 Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol (AODV) [2] 557
3 Vampire Attack 558
3.1 Vampire Attack on Stateless Protocol 558
3.2 Vampire Attacks on Stateful Protocol 559
4 Related Work 559
5 Proposed Work 559
5.1 Implementation Steps of Proposed Method 560
6 Simulation Result 561
7 Conclusion 563
References 564
62 Design of Five-Band Microstrip Antenna for Radar and Satellite Communications 565
Abstract 565
1 Introduction 566
2 Antenna Design 566
3 Results and Discussion 567
4 Conclusion 573
References 573
63 Tri-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for C, X, and Ku Band Applications 575
Abstract 575
1 Introduction 576
2 Antenna Design 576
3 Results and Discussion 577
4 Conclusion 581
References 581
64 A Design of Compact Planar Active-Integrated Inverted-F Antenna (AI-PIFA) for Mobile Handsets 583
Abstract 583
1 Introduction 583
2 Class-E Power Amplifier Design 584
3 Rectangular Ring-Shaped PIFA 588
4 Conclusion 591
References 591
65 GPS-Aided AODV Routing Protocol for MANET 593
Abstract 593
1 Introduction 594
2 Related Works 595
3 GPS-Aided Routing Method 595
3.1 Route Discovery Process 596
3.2 Relative Speed 597
3.3 Route Maintenance 597
4 AODV Versus GPS-Aided AODV 600
5 Simulation and Performance Analysis 600
5.1 Simulation Model 600
5.2 Performance Metrics 601
5.3 Result Analysis 602
6 Conclusion and Future Work 605
References 605
66 Dual-Band Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for RF Energy Harvesting 607
Abstract 607
1 Introduction 607
2 Antenna Design 608
3 Simulation, Parametric Study, and Results 608
3.1 Effect of the Feed Position on Reflection Coefficient 609
3.2 Effect of the Feed Position on Impedance 610
3.3 Effect of the Feed on Surface Current 611
3.4 Effect of the Feed on Far-field Directivity 612
4 Conclusion 613
References 613
67 A Compact Dual-Band Frequency Selective Surface for Gain Enhancement of a Dual-Band Antenna 614
Abstract 614
1 Introduction 614
2 FSS and Antenna Design 615
2.1 Proposed Unit Cell Description 615
2.2 Working Principle of the Proposed FSS 616
2.3 Dual-Band Antenna Design 617
3 Results and Discussions 617
4 Conclusion 620
References 620
68 Techniques to Detect Clickjacking Vulnerability in Web Pages 622
Abstract 622
1 Introduction 622
1.1 Motivation and Scope 623
2 Background Details 624
2.1 Examples of Clickjacking Attack 624
3 Surviving Attacks and Defence Techniques 625
3.1 Surviving Attack Techniques 625
3.2 Surviving Defence Techniques 627
4 Detection of Clickjacking Attacks 627
4.1 At the Client’s Side 627
4.2 At the Server Side 628
4.3 At the Proxy-Level (ProClick) 629
5 Summary and Discussion 630
5.1 Our Contribution 630
6 Conclusions and Future Work 630
References 631
69 Location-Based Services: Current State of The Art and Future Prospects 632
Abstract 632
1 Introduction 632
2 Various Platforms of Location-Based Services 634
3 Applications and Challenges of Location-Based Services in Various Domains 635
4 Experimental Results 636
5 Conclusion 638
References 638
70 A Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna with Defected Ground Structure for Radio Applications 640
Abstract 640
1 Introduction 640
2 Antenna Design 641
3 Biasing of the Diode 643
4 Antenna Results 643
5 Conclusion 645
References 645
71 Compact Olympic Ring-Shaped Planar Antenna for K Band Applications 646
Abstract 646
1 Introduction 646
2 Proposed Antenna Design and Geometry 647
2.1 Compact Olympic Ring-Shaped Antenna 647
2.2 Parametric Analysis and Variation of Ring Width in Olympic Shape Antenna 647
3 Results and Discussion 649
4 Conclusion 652
References 652
A Monopole Antenna with Reconfigurable Notched Characteristics from WLAN-band Notched UWB to ITU-band Notched UWB Antenna 654
1 Introduction 655
2 Antenna Designing and Analysis 655
3 Results and Discussions 657
3.1 Surface Current Distribution 658
3.2 Radiation Pattern and Realized Gain 659
4 Conclusion 660
References 661
Enhancing QoS for Multimedia Services Using Mobility-Aware Bandwidth Estimation Algorithm in MANETs 662
1 Introduction 663
2 Related Work 663
3 Proposed Methodology 664
4 Algorithms Design 669
5 Simulation and Result Analysis 669
5.1 Result Evaluation 670
6 Conclusion 672
References 672
74 Magnetic Field Line-Based Node Deployment Strategy for Wireless Sensor Networks 674
Abstract 674
1 Introduction 674
2 Related Work 675
3 Proposed Solution—Magnetic Field Lines-Based Node Deployment 676
4 Simulation Results 678
5 Conclusion and Future Scope 680
References 680
75 Application of Analog Electronic Circuits in Secure Communication: A Review 681
Abstract 681
1 Introduction 681
2 Nonlinear Dynamics in Analog Electronics Circuits 683
2.1 Chua’s Circuit 683
2.2 Particle-in-a-Box Circuit 684
2.3 Current Mode Controlled DC-DC Boost Converter 685
2.4 Lorentz Circuit 686
3 Application of Analog Chaotic Circuits in Secure Communication 687
3.1 Review of Coherent Receiver-Based ACC Model 687
3.2 Review of Non-Coherent Receiver-Based Chaotic Communication Model 688
4 Conclusion 688
References 689
76 A Comparative Investigation of Microstrip Patch Antenna Using FR-4/RT-Duroid/RO3003 Materials for Bluetooth and WLAN Applications 691
Abstract 691
1 Introduction 691
2 Designing and Calculations 692
2.1 Width (W) 692
2.2 Effective Refractive Index (?reff) 692
2.3 Length (L) 693
2.4 Input Impedance (Zin) 693
2.5 Inset Feed Depth (Yo) 693
2.6 Width of Feed Line (Wf) 694
2.7 Length of Feed Line (Lf) 694
3 Results and Discussions 694
3.1 For 5.2 GHz Operating Frequency 694
3.1.1 Radiation Pattern (3D) 695
3.1.2 Radiation Pattern (2D) 696
3.1.3 Return Loss (S11) 696
3.1.4 VSWR 696
3.2 For 2.4 GHz Operating Frequency 698
3.2.1 Radiation Pattern (3D) 699
3.2.2 Radiation Pattern (2D) 699
3.2.3 Return Loss (S11) 699
3.2.4 VSWR 700
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 701
References 701
Author Index 704
454158_1_En_77_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 1
77 Erratum to: High-sensitive Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor for Different Temperature Application 703
Erratum to:& #6