Biotechnology for Pulp and Paper Processing (eBook)

Dr. Pratima Bajpai has a Ph.D from the National Sugar Institute (NSI) Kanpur, India. She is presently a Technical Consultant in Pulp and Paper Industry and has over 30 years of experience in research at National Sugar Institute Kanpur, Universitiy of Saskatchewan and Universitiy of Western Ontario in Canada and Thapar Center for Industrial Research and Development in India. She has also worked as Visiting Professor at University of Waterloo, Canada and Visiting Scientist at Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Dr. Bajpai’s main areas of expertise are industrial biotechnology, pulp and paper and environmental biotechnology. She has immensely contributed to the field of industrial biotechnology and is a recognized expert in the field. Currently, she is actively engaged in commercializing biotechnological processes for the pulp and paper industry. Her research accomplishment has resulted in more than 150 publications in the leading International Journals and conference proceedings. She has written several advanced level technical books on environmental and biotechnological aspects of pulp and paper, which have been published by leading publishers - PIRA International, UK; Springer, Germany; Miller Freeman USA, John Wiley and Elsevier Science. She has also contributed chapters to a number of books and encyclopedia, obtained 11 patents and has written several technical reports. She has implemented several processes in Indian Paper mills. Dr. Bajpai is an active member of American Society of Microbiologists and is a reviewer of many international research journals.

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Figures 15
List of Tables 19
1 Introduction 25
Abstract 25
References 31
2 Brief Description of the Pulp and Papermaking Process 33
Abstract 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Pulp and Papermaking Process 35
2.2.1 Pulp Making Process 35
2.2.2 Stock Preparation and Papermaking Process 45
References 48
3 Tree Improvement 51
Abstract 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.1.1 Forest Trees in the Age of Modern Genetics 52
3.1.1.1 Genetic Altering of Trees 52
3.1.1.2 Phytoremediation 56
References 60
4 Biotechnology in Forestry 62
Abstract 62
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Historical Perspectives 63
4.3 Biotechnological Applications in Forestry 64
4.3.1 Propagation 66
4.3.2 Genetic Engineering 66
4.3.3 Transgenesis 68
4.3.4 Lignin Modification 69
4.3.5 In Vitro Culture 70
4.3.6 Stress Resistance 71
4.3.6.1 Abiotic 71
4.3.6.2 Biotic 71
4.3.7 Tissue Culture 72
4.3.8 RNA Interference 73
4.3.9 Marker-Assisted Selection and QTL Mapping 75
References 76
5 Biodebarking 80
Abstract 80
5.1 Introduction 80
5.2 Enzymes Used for Debarking 83
5.3 Application of Enzymes for Debarking 83
5.4 Advantages of Biodebarking 87
5.5 Limitations and Future Prospects 88
References 88
6 Biodepitching 90
Abstract 90
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Environmental Impact of Lipophilic Extractives 92
6.3 Methods for Pitch Control 94
6.3.1 Conventional Treatment 94
6.3.2 Biological Treatment 94
6.3.2.1 Use of Fungi 94
6.3.2.2 Use of Enzymes 102
Hydrolytic Enzymes 103
Oxidative Enzymes 109
6.4 Advantages, Limitations, and Future Prospects 112
References 113
7 Bioretting 120
Abstract 120
7.1 Introduction 120
7.2 Methods for Retting 121
7.3 Enzymes Used in Flax-Retting 122
7.4 Application of Enzymes in Flax-Retting 123
7.5 Effect of Enzyme-Retting on Fiber Yield and Properties 130
7.6 Effect of Enzyme-Retting on Effluent Properties 130
References 131
8 Biopulping 135
Abstract 135
8.1 Introduction 136
8.2 Pulping Processes 137
8.2.1 Mechanical Pulping 137
8.2.2 Semichemical Pulping 138
8.2.3 Chemical Pulping 139
8.2.3.1 Kraft Process 139
8.2.3.2 Sulfite Process 139
8.3 Biomechanical Pulping 140
8.4 Biochemical Pulping 152
8.5 Organosolv Pulping 159
8.6 Biopulping with Laccase–Mediator System 159
8.7 Mechanism of Biopulping 160
8.8 Advantages of Biopulping 162
8.9 Limitations and Future Prospects 163
References 164
9 Use of Enzymes in Mechanical Pulping 170
Abstract 170
9.1 Introduction 170
9.2 Effect of Different Enzymes 172
9.2.1 Cellulase Treatment 172
9.2.2 Xylanase Treatment 172
9.2.3 Cellobiohydrolase (CBH I) Treatment 172
9.2.4 Cellobiohydrolase and Mannanase Blend Treatment 173
9.2.5 Lignin Peroxidase, Manganese Peroxidase, and Laccase Treatment 174
9.2.6 Pectinase Treatment 175
9.2.7 Manganese Peroxidase, Laccase, and Pectinase Blend treatment 177
9.3 Conclusions 178
References 178
10 Biobleaching 180
Abstract 180
10.1 Introduction 181
10.2 Xylanase Enzymes 181
10.2.1 Production and Properties of Xylanases 182
10.2.2 Performance of Xylanases in Bleaching 186
10.2.3 Effect of Xylanases on Pulp and Effluent Quality 196
10.2.4 Mechanism of Bleaching 197
10.2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 198
10.3 Lignin-Oxidizing Enzymes 198
10.3.1 Performance of Lignin-Oxidizing Enzymes in Bleaching 199
10.3.2 Effect of Lignin-Oxidizing Enzymes on Pulp and Effluent Quality 209
10.3.3 Mechanism of Bleaching 210
10.3.4 Advantages, Limitations, and Future Prospects 214
10.4 White-Rot Fungi 215
10.4.1 Performance of White-Rot Fungi in Bleaching 216
10.4.2 Effect of White-Rot Fungi on Pulp and Effluent Quality 222
10.4.3 Advantages, Limitations, and Future Prospects 222
References 223
11 Biodeinking 235
Abstract 235
11.1 Introduction 235
11.2 Enzymes Used in Deinking 236
11.3 Mechanisms of Enzyme Deinking 236
11.4 Application of Enzymes in Deinking 237
11.5 Effect of Enzyme on Fiber and Paper Quality 253
11.6 Effect of Enzyme on Pulp Yield 254
11.7 Effect of Enzyme on Effluent Characteristics 254
11.8 Benefits and Limitations 256
11.9 Conclusions 257
References 257
12 Fiber Modification 261
Abstract 261
12.1 Introduction 262
12.2 Enzymes Promoting Beatability/Refinability 262
12.2.1 Enzyme Actions 272
12.2.2 Effects of Enzyme 272
12.2.3 Potential Benefits of Enzymatic Treatment Before Refining 273
12.3 Enzymes Improving Drainage 275
12.3.1 Enzyme Action 281
12.3.2 Benefits of Improving Drainage 282
12.4 Enzymes for Vessel Picking Problems 283
12.5 Conclusions 287
References 287
13 Enzyme Application in Fiberboard 292
Abstract 292
13.1 Introduction 292
13.2 Binderless Fiberboards 293
13.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects 296
References 297
14 Removal of Shives 300
Abstract 300
14.1 Introduction 301
14.2 Application of Enzymes for Shive Removal 303
14.3 Mechanism of Shive Removal with Xylanase Enzymes 305
14.4 Benefits with Enzymes 306
14.5 Conclusions 307
References 307
15 Production of Dissolving-Grade Pulp 309
Abstract 309
15.1 Introduction 309
15.2 Enzymes Used in the Production of Dissolving Pulp 312
15.3 Application of Enzymes in the Production of Dissolving Pulp 312
15.4 Conclusions 326
References 326
16 Biological Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents 330
Abstract 330
16.1 Introduction 331
16.2 Bleaching and Environmental Impact 332
16.3 Biotechnological Methods for Treatment of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents 335
16.3.1 Enzymatic Treatment 336
16.3.2 Bacterial Treatment 339
16.3.2.1 Aerobic Treatment 339
Aerated Lagoon Treatment (ASB) 339
Activated Sludge Treatment (AST) 342
Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) 346
Other Aerobic Treatment Systems 347
16.3.2.2 Anaerobic Treatment 347
Anaerobic Lagoon 347
Anaerobic Contact Process 347
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor (UASB) 348
Fluidized Bed Reactor 348
Anaerobic Filter 348
16.3.3 Fungal Treatment 357
16.3.4 Ligninolytic Enzymes and Their Role in Decolorisation of Bleaching Effluents 372
16.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 375
References 376
17 Slime Control 387
Abstract 387
17.1 Introduction 388
17.2 Slime Problems in the Mills 388
17.3 Microorganisms Within the Slime and Contamination Sources 393
17.4 Sites Chosen by the Microorganisms in the Paper Mill 397
17.5 Methods for Detection of Slime 400
17.6 Biofilm Formation in Paper Systems 403
17.7 Control of Slime 405
17.7.1 Traditional Methods 405
17.7.2 Use of Enzymes for Control of Slime 413
17.7.3 Biological Equilibrium 418
17.7.4 Biodispersants 420
17.7.5 Use of Competing Microorganisms 423
17.7.6 Biofilm Inhibitors 423
17.7.7 Use of Bacteriophages 424
References 425
18 Stickies Control 435
Abstract 435
18.1 Introduction 436
18.2 Problems Caused by Stickies 437
18.3 Control of Stickies 438
18.3.1 Enzyme Approach 438
18.4 Conclusion 444
References 444
19 Enzymatic Modification of Starch for Surface Sizing 447
Abstract 447
19.1 Introduction 447
19.2 Enzymes Used for Starch Conversion 448
19.3 Starches Used for Surface Sizing 449
19.4 Process for Enzymatic Modification of Starch 451
19.5 Benefits and Limitations of Enzymatically Modified Starches 456
References 457
20 Pectinases in Papermaking 459
Abstract 459
20.1 Introduction 459
20.2 Application in Papermaking 461
References 465
21 Biofiltration of Odorous Gases 468
Abstract 468
21.1 Introduction 469
21.2 Emissions from Pulping 469
21.2.1 Kraft Pulping 469
21.2.2 Emissions from Neutral Sulfite Semichemical (NSSC) Pulping 472
21.2.3 Emissions from Sulfite Pulping 472
21.3 Methods for the Elimination of Odorous Compounds 473
21.3.1 Biofiltration Technology 474
21.3.2 Microorganisms in Biofilter 476
21.3.3 Packing Materials for Biofilters 478
21.3.4 Mechanisms in Biofilter Operation 479
21.3.5 Development of Biofiltration Technology 479
21.3.6 Present Status 486
21.3.7 Parameters Affecting the Performance of Biofilter 487
21.3.8 Advantages, Limitations, and Future Prospects 489
References 491
22 Management/Utilization of Wastewater Treatment Sludges 496
Abstract 496
22.1 Introduction 497
22.2 Dewatering of Sludge 498
22.3 Methods of Disposal 503
22.3.1 Landfill Application 503
22.3.2 Incineration 506
22.3.3 Land Application (Composting) 508
22.3.4 Recovery of Raw Materials 512
22.3.5 Production of Ethanol and Animal Feed 513
22.3.6 Pelletization of Sludge 514
22.3.7 Manufacture of Building and Ceramic Materials and Lightweight Aggregate 515
22.3.8 Landfill Cover Barrier 516
22.3.9 Lactic Acid 517
22.3.10 Other Uses 519
References 522
23 Integrated Forest Biorefinery 526
Abstract 526
23.1 Introduction 527
23.2 Forest Biorefinery Options 529
23.2.1 Hemicellulose Extraction Prior to Pulping 531
23.2.1.1 Production of Ethanol from Pre-extracted Hemicelluloses 533
23.2.1.2 Production of Chemicals, Materials, and Polymers 535
23.2.2 Black Liquor Gasification 536
23.2.2.1 Gasification Processes 538
MTCI Gasification 538
Chemrec Gasification 540
23.2.3 Removal of Lignin from Black Liquor 545
23.2.4 Other Products (Tall Oil, Methanol, etc.) 550
23.3 Environmental Impacts of Forest Biorefineries 552
23.4 Concluding Remarks 552
References 553
24 Bioconversion of Hemicelluloses 559
Abstract 559
24.1 Introduction 559
24.2 Production of Value-Added Products from Hemicellulosic Hydrolysates 561
24.2.1 Ethanol 561
24.2.2 Xylitol 563
24.2.3 Furfural 563
24.2.4 Organic acids 564
24.2.5 Butanol 565
24.2.6 Biohydrogen 566
24.2.7 Chitosan 566
24.2.8 Ferulic acid 567
24.2.9 Vanillin 568
24.2.10 Substrate for Enzyme Production 568
24.2.11 Other Value-Added Products 569
References 570
25 Value-Added Products from Lignin 575
Abstract 575
25.1 Introduction 575
25.2 Isolation of Lignin 577
25.3 Application of Lignin 578
25.3.1 Phenolic Compounds 578
25.3.2 Guaiacol 578
25.3.3 Vanillin 579
25.3.4 Carbon Fibers 579
25.3.5 Activated Carbon 580
25.3.6 Bioplastics 581
25.3.7 Use of Lignin as a Binder 581
25.3.8 Lignin as Dispersant 581
25.3.9 Lignin as Food Additives 582
25.3.10 Use of Lignin in Cement 582
25.3.11 Use of Lignin in Asphalt 582
25.3.12 Lignin for Dust Control 583
25.3.13 Lignin in Battery 583
25.3.14 Lignin in Agriculture 583
25.4 Future Perspectives 583
References 584
Index 586