Improved Performance of Materials (eBook)

Andreas Öchsner is a professor at the School of Engineering, Griffith University, Australia and leader of the Mechanical Engineering Program (Head of Discipline and Program Director). Having obtained a Dipl.-Ing. degree in Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Stuttgart (1997), Germany, he served as a research and teaching assistant at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg from 1997 to 2003 while working to complete his Doctor of Engineering Sciences (Dr.-Ing.) degree. From 2003 to 2006, he was an assistant professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering and head of the Cellular Metals Group affiliated with the University of Aveiro, Portugal. He spent seven years (2007–2013) as a professor at the Department of Applied Mechanics, Technical University of Malaysia, where he was also head of the Advanced Materials and Structures Lab.  Holm Altenbach is a professor at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany. Having obtained a diploma degree (1980) and a doctoral degree (1983) at Leningrad Polytechnic, he received the Facultas docendi in Engineering Mechanics in Magdeburg. In 1987 he obtained his Doctor of Engineering Sciences (Dr.-Ing.habil.) degree from Leningrad Polytechnic. From 1987 up to 1995 he worked as a lecturer at Magdeburg University’s Institute of Material Science at. During this period he was invited as a visiting professor to the National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute” (Kharkiv, Ukraine) and the University of Technology Bratislava (Slovakia) and the Technical University Riga (Latvia). In 1996 he was appointed as professor of engineering mechanics at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. He was awarded a Krupp fellowship (Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany), a Gold Medal by the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Politechnika Lubelska (Lublin, Poland) and Dr.h.c. by the National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute” (Kharkiv, Ukraine). He has presented over 320 lectures at national and international conferences and published 320 scientific publications including monographs, textbooks and proceedings. He has organized three Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) courses in Udine, Italy and is the editor-in-chief of the “Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik” (ZAMM, founded 1921) (“Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics”), and advisory editor of Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics.

Preface 6
Contents 7
1 Optimization on Wear Performance of Anti Wear Additive Added Biolubricant 10
Abstract 10
1 Introduction 11
2 Experimental Setup 12
3 Result and Discussion 14
3.1 Physico-Chemical Properties of Waste Cooking Oil in Base Lubricant 14
3.2 Microstructure and Wear Mechanism 15
4 Conclusion 16
References 17
2 Effect of Friction Stir Welding Parameters on the Peak Temperature and the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloy 5083-O 19
Abstract 19
1 Introduction 20
2 Experimental Investigations 21
2.1 Numerical Simulation 21
2.2 Welding Process and Operation Conditions 23
2.3 Material Characterization 23
2.4 Mechanical Properties 26
2.4.1 Tensile Strength 26
2.4.2 Microhardness Test 26
3 Results and Discussions 26
3.1 Numerical Simulation and Temperature Distribution 26
3.2 Surface Morphology 27
3.3 Macrostructure and Microstructure Evolutions 28
3.4 Mechanical Properties 31
4 Conclusions 32
References 33
3 Artificial Neural Networks Prediction of Rubber Mechanical Properties in Aged and Nonaged State 34
Abstract 34
1 Introduction 35
2 Theoretical Assumptions 37
3 Experimental Procedures 38
3.1 Used Samples 38
3.2 Ageing Conditions 38
3.3 Experimental Values 38
3.3.1 Measured Properties 38
3.3.2 ANN Prediction 40
4 Conclusions 42
Acknowledgements 42
References 42
4 Semi-automated Gating System Design with Optimum Gate and Overflow Positions for Aluminum HPDC 43
Abstract 43
1 Introduction 43
2 Framework of the Gating System 45
2.1 Part Details/Dimensions 45
2.2 Material of Part/Mold 46
2.3 Machine Specifications 46
2.4 Gate Detailed Dimensions/Location 46
2.5 Runner Detailed Dimensions 47
2.6 Overflow Detailed Dimensions/Location 47
2.7 Air Vent Dimensions 49
3 Experimental Model 49
4 Validation 51
5 Discussions and Conclusions 55
References 56
5 Dielectric Material Selection Optimization Based on Relative Dielectric Constant Dependencies in Operating Environment 58
Abstract 58
1 Introduction 58
2 Background and Preliminaries 59
3 Development of the Proposed Method 61
4 Case Example of Consequences 63
5 Conclusions 65
References 65
6 New Morphology of a Silver Chloride Surface Grown on Silver Wires 67
Abstract 67
1 Introduction 68
2 Experimental Details 69
3 Results and Discussion 69
4 Conclusions 73
References 73
7 Development of Highly Effective Multiplex Integration Electric Charging Module for Range Extension of Hybrid Type Refrigeration Truck 76
Abstract 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Development Method 77
3 Fabrication of Photovoltaic Electric Module 79
4 Experimental Results and Discussion 80
5 Conclusions 83
Acknowledgements 83
References 84
8 Experimental Numerical Model of Roughness in Finishing Face Milling of AISI 4140 Hardened Steel 85
Abstract 85
1 Introduction 86
2 Materials and Methods 86
3 Results 89
4 Conclusions 93
References 93
9 A Flexible Numerical Framework for Engineering—A Response Surface Modelling Application 94
Abstract 94
1 Introduction 95
2 Industrial Use Case 96
3 Related Work 97
4 Architecture and Usage 98
4.1 Armadillo 99
4.2 OpenBLAS 99
4.3 Magma 100
4.4 NVidia nvBLAS 100
4.5 Usage 100
5 Validation 101
5.1 Performance 101
5.2 Accuracy 104
6 Conclusion 105
6.1 Future Development 106
Acknowledgements 106
References 106
10 Monitoring of the Thermal Properties of Cement Composites with an Addition of Steel Slag 108
Abstract 108
1 Introduction 109
2 Materials and Methods 110
2.1 Composition of Cement Composite and Its Preparation 110
2.2 Methods 112
2.2.1 Determination of the Strength Characteristics 112
2.2.2 Determination of Thermal Properties 112
3 Measurement Results and Discussion 113
4 Conclusions 117
Acknowledgements 118
References 118
11 Plywood Experimental Investigation and Modeling Approach for Static and Dynamic Structural Applications 120
Abstract 120
1 Study Context 121
2 Plywood Material 121
2.1 Plywood Assembly 122
2.2 Theoretical Modelling 124
2.2.1 Constitutive Mechanical Properties of Considered Materials 124
2.2.2 Rule of Mixtures and Classical Laminate Theory 126
2.2.3 Equivalent Anisotropic Material’s Data Table 126
3 Static Experiments Analysis 126
3.1 Tensile Tests 126
3.1.1 NCB-L Tensile Tests’ Results 127
3.1.2 NCB-N Tensile Tests’ Results 127
3.1.3 CB-L Tensile Tests’ Results 128
3.1.4 CB-N Tensile Tests’ Results 128
3.2 Compression Tests 130
3.2.1 NCB Compression Tests’ Results 130
3.2.2 CB Compression Tests’ Results 131
3.2.3 Compression Tests’ Discussion 131
4 Dynamic Experiments Analysis 133
4.1 Taylor Gun Test 133
4.1.1 Taylor Gun Tests’ Results 134
4.2 Hopkinson Bar Tests 135
5 FEA Simulation for Static Tests 136
5.1 Model 1 138
5.2 Model 2 139
5.3 Model 3 139
6 Conclusion and Future Plans 141
Acknowledgements 141
7‚‚Appendix 141
7.1‚‚Samples’ Dimensions 141
References 142
12 Monochrome Multitone Image Approximation on Lowered Dimension Palette with Sub-optimization Method Based on Genetic Algorithm 143
Abstract 143
1 Introduction 144
2 Image Approximation Model 145
3 Image Approximation with Genetic Algorithms 147
4 Image Approximation Based on Parametrical Sub-optimization of Genetic Algorithm 148
5 Conclusion 154
References 154
13 “Cut-Glue” Approximation Method for Strongly Nonlinear and Multidimensional Object Dependencies Modeling 155
Abstract 155
1 Introduction 156
2 Basic Provisions and Boundaries for Application of “Cut-Glue” Approximation 159
3 Problem Formulation 160
4 Experimental Fragmentation of Multidimensional Strongly Nonlinear Dependencies 160
5 Multidimensional Approximation of Fragments for Experimental Dependences 163
6 Multiplicative Cutting-Out Function, Its Types and Properties 163
6.1 Properties of n-MCF 164
7 Illustrative Example Creating IIF with FAF and MCF 165
8 Additive Join of the Interval Isolating Functions into the Approximation United Function 166
9 Illustrative Example of 3-Dimensional “Cut-Glue” Approximation Solution 167
10 Conclusion 171
References 172
14 Robot Path Planning Based on Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm for Environments with Obstacles 174
Abstract 174
1 Introduction 175
2 Formulation of the Problem 175
3 ACO Description 176
4 Examples of the Algorithm 178
5 Parametric Optimization 179
6 Application Parametrically Optimized ACO 182
7 Conclusion 182
References 183
15 “Cut-Glue” Approximation Based on Particle Swarm Sub-optimization for Strongly Nonlinear Parametric Dependencies of Mathematical Models 184
Abstract 184
1 Introduction 185
2 Problem Formulation 186
3 Research Techniques 187
4 PSO MM Modification 187
5 MAF Parameters Influence on the Approximation Quality in IIF “Gluing” 188
6 Conclusion 193
References 194
16 Computational Evaluation of Transverse Thermal Conductivity of Natural Fiber Composites 196
Abstract 196
1 Introduction 196
2 Methodology 198
3 Results and Discussion 201
4 Conclusion 203
References 204
17 Morphology and Elemental Composition of Metal Based Granules in Wings of Bumblebees 206
Abstract 206
1 Introduction 207
2 Materials and Methods 207
2.1 Biological Samples 207
2.2 Microscopic Analysis 208
3 Results and Discussion 208
4 Conclusions 215
Acknowledgements 215
References 216
18 Modifications of Viscoelastic Properties of Natural Rubber/Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Blend by Electron Beam Irradiation 218
Abstract 218
1 Introduction 219
2 Experiment 220
2.1 Materials 220
2.2 Radiation Treatment 221
2.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 221
3 Results and Discussion 223
4 Conclusions 227
Acknowledgements 227
References 228
19 Chosen Electrical Properties of Montmorillonite/Polyaniline Composites 229
Abstract 229
1 Introduction 230
2 Results and Discussion 230
3 Conclusions 234
Acknowledgements 234
References 235
20 Improvement of Optical Properties of White LED Lamps Using Green-Emitting Ce0.67Tb0.33MgAl11O19: Ce,Tb Phosphor 236
Abstract 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Enhancement of Emission Spectra 237
3 Scattering of Phosphor Particles 238
4 Simulation Results and Discussions 239
5 Conclusions 241
Acknowledgements 241
References 241
21 “Cut-Glue” Approximation Based on Pseudo-genetic Algorithm for Strongly Nonlinear Parametric Dependencies of Mathematical Models 242
Abstract 242
1 Introduction 242
2 Approximation Algorithm of Data Fragments 243
3 Pseudo-Chromosomal Genetic Mode 245
4 Pseudo Genetic Algorithm 246
5 Crossover Operator 247
6 Mutation Operator 247
7 Selection Operator 248
8 Example of Pseudo Genetic Algorithm for Fragment Approximation Sub-optimization 249
9 Conclusion 253
References 254
22 Design and Manufacturing of a Dry Electrode for EMG Signals Recording with Microneedles 255
Abstract 255
1 Introduction 256
2 Materials and Methods 257
2.1 Manufacturing of the Dry Electrode 257
2.2 Measurement of the Contact Impedance 258
3 Discussion of the Results 260
3.1 Manufacturing of the Electrodes 260
3.2 Measurement of the Contact Impedance 261
4 Conclusions 262
Acknowledgements 263
References 263
23 Biped Robot Prototype Based on the Human Anthropometric Measurements 264
Abstract 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Mechanical Design and Construction of Robot 265
2.1 Design of Structural Parts 265
2.2 Simulation of Stress Analysis 266
2.3 Material Selection 268
3 Electrical Design 268
3.1 Actuators 268
3.2 Controller of Servomotors 270
4 Format of Communication with the Controller of Servomotors 272
5 Mathematical Model of the Robot 273
6 Performance Testing of Robot 273
7 Conclusion 276
References 277