Engineering of Biomaterials (eBook)

Venina dos Santos is a Professor at University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil. She has experience in the area of biomaterials.Rosmary Nichele Brandalise is a Professor at University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil. She has experience in the area of Chemical and Materials Engineering, specially on degradation, biodegradation of polymers, polymer blends, composites and studies with biomaterials. Michele Savaris has a Master's degree in Process and Technology Engineering. Her research activities are focused on polymers, with emphasys on biomaterials  (sterilization processes, characterization, applications, development of scaffolds and in vitro test), polyurethane synthesis, degradation and biodegradation.

Preface 6
Contents 7
1 Introduction 9
References 12
2 Biomaterials: Characteristics and Properties 13
2.1 Properties of Biomaterials 15
2.1.1 Physical Properties 16
2.1.2 Chemical Properties 18
2.1.3 Mechanical Properties 18
2.2 Surface Modification—Biomaterial–Tissue Interactions 20
References 22
3 Metallic Biomaterials 24
3.1 Development of Metallic Biomaterials 24
3.2 Characteristics of Metallic Biomaterials 25
3.2.1 Biocompatibility 26
3.2.2 Mechanical Properties 26
3.2.3 Corrosion Resistance 29
3.2.4 Wear Resistance 30
3.2.5 Osseointegration 30
3.3 Metallic Biomaterials 31
3.3.1 Stainless Steel 31
3.3.2 Titanium and Titanium Alloys 32
3.3.3 Cobalt-Chrome-Based Alloys 33
3.3.4 Magnesium-Based Alloys 33
3.3.5 Tantalum 33
3.3.6 Zirconium-Based Alloys 34
References 34
4 Ceramic Biomaterials 36
4.1 Obtention, Processing, and Application of Bioceramics 36
4.2 Properties of Bioceramics 36
4.3 Types of Bioceramics 39
4.3.1 Alumina (Al2O3) 39
4.3.2 Zirconia (ZrO2) 40
4.3.3 Calcium Phosphate Ceramics 40
4.3.4 Calcium Phosphate Cements (CPC) 41
4.3.5 Bioglasses and Vitroceramics 42
References 44
5 Polymeric Biomaterials 46
5.1 Fundamental Concepts of Polymers 46
5.1.1 Synthetic Polymers Used as Biomaterials 48
5.1.2 Concepts of Degradation, Biodegradation, Bioabsorption and Bioreabsorption 48
5.1.3 Main Polymers Biodegradable, Bioreabsorbable, Bioerodible Utilized as Biomaterials 53
5.2 Polymeric Hydrogels 53
5.2.1 Polymers Used as Hydrogels and Applications of Same as Biomaterials 55
References 56
6 Composite Biomaterials 58
6.1 Types and Properties of Discontinuous Phases 61
6.2 Polymeric Phases for Biomaterials 62
6.3 Metallic Phases for Biomaterials 63
6.4 Ceramic Phases for Biomaterials 63
6.5 Selection of Properties Between Materials and Tissues 64
References 66
7 Biomaterials Sterilization Methods 68
7.1 Sterilization Methods 69
7.1.1 Ethylene Oxide 70
7.1.2 Hydrogen Peroxide Plasma 71
7.1.3 Autoclave 72
7.1.4 Irradiation Sterilization 73
References 79
8 Biomaterials: Degradation and Effects on Living Tissue 81
8.1 Biomaterial-Receptor and Receptor-Biomaterial Interactions 82
8.2 Behavior of the Material in the in Vivo Condition, Applications, and Requirements—Case Studies 84
8.2.1 Metallic Materials 84
8.2.2 Ceramic Materials 87
8.2.3 Polymeric Materials 88
References 91