Glutamine in Clinical Nutrition

Part I. Basic Processes at the Cellular Level and in Animal Models.- 1. Glutamine structure and function: a starter pack.- 2. Amino acid transporters and glutamine.- 3. Role of glutamine transaminases in nitrogen, sulfur, selenium and 1-carbon metabolism.- 4. Glutamine uptake and immunomodulation: an overview - Kenneth Frauwirth.- 5. The role of glutamine and glutamic acid in the pituitary gland involvement in thyroid-stimulating hormone release.- 6. Glucose-independent glutamine-driven TCA cycle in cancer cells.- 7. The role of glutamine synthetase in the glutamine independence in mammary tissue.- 8. Glutamine addiction of cancer cells.- 9. L-[5-11C]-glutamine and metabolic imaging in cancer cells.- 10. Endotoxemia and glutamine.- Part II. Glutamine Use in Critically Ill Patients and Their Diagnosis.- 11. Plasma glutamine and its levels in metabolic stress.- 12. Glutamine supplementation in major surgery and intensive care.- 13. Enteral nutrition supplemented with L-glutamine in patients with sepsis.- 14. Glutamine supplementation in multiple trauma patients.- 15. Glutamine dipeptide and insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients.- 16. Potential for glutamine supplementation in critically ill children.- 17. Glutamine and ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy.- 18. The oral glutamine challenge in liver cirrhosis.- Part III. Glutamine in Normal Metabolism and under Surgical Stress.- 19. Insulin secretion and the glutamine-glutamate-alpha-ketoglutarate axis.- 20. Glutamine-cycling pathway in metabolic syndrome: Systems Biology-Based Characterization of the glutamate-related metabotype and advances for Diagnosis and Treatment in Translational Medicine.- 21. Glutamine and glucagon-like peptide-1 response.- 22. Glutamine pretreatment and surgery for cleft lip/cleft palate in children.- 23. Use of perioperative glutamine dipeptide in parenteral nutrition in surgical hospital patients with malnutrition.- 24. Therapeutic use of glutamine for diabetic foot ulcers and related conditions.- Part IV. Clinical Aspects of Glutamine in the Intestine.- 25. Glutamine protects GI epithelial tight junctions.- 26. Glutamine therapy in colitis models.- 27. Glutamine supplementation and Helicobacter pylori infection.- 28. Small intestinal hypoxic injury and use of arginyl-glutamine dipeptide: applications to pediatrics.- 29. Dipeptide-bound glutamine and the intestinal microcirculation in cancer.- Part V. Clinical Aspects of Glutamine in Certain Patient Populations.- 30. Manganese toxicity and the glutamine-glutamate cycle.- 31. Glutamine and epilepsy.- 32. Glutamine supplementation in glutamine synthetase deficiency.- 33. Plasma antioxidants and glutamine supplementation in HIV.- 34. Glutamine, total antioxidant systems and damage in renal ischemia reperfusion injury.- 35. Protection by glutamine after ischemia/reperfusion injury.- 36. Glutamine and cancer immunosuppression.- 37. Combining exercise with glutamine-supplementation in cancer cachexia metabolism.- 38. Glutamine and skeletal muscle.- 39. Glutamine and myostatin expression in muscle wasting.- 40. Web based resources, and suggested readings.