Terminal Ballistics (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Introduction 11
Part IExperimental and NumericalTechniques 13
1 Experimental Techniques 14
1.1 The Terminal Ballistics Lab 14
1.1.1 Laboratory Guns 14
1.1.2 Projectiles and Targets 16
1.1.3 Diagnostics for Terminal Ballistics 18
1.2 Determination of the Dynamic Properties 20
1.2.1 Equation of State Measurements 21
1.2.2 Dynamic Strength Measurements 23
1.2.3 Diagnostics 26
1.3 The Common Threats in Terminal Ballistics 34
2 Material Models for Numerical Simulations 38
Abstract 38
2.1 General Description 38
2.2 Material Properties 40
2.2.1 The Equation of State 40
2.2.2 The Constitutive Relations 43
2.2.3 Failure of Ductile Materials 46
2.2.4 Failure of Brittle Materials 53
2.2.5 The Spall Failure 56
Part IIPenetration Mechanics 59
3 Rigid Penetrators 60
Abstract 60
3.1 The Mechanics of Deep Penetration 60
3.2 The Penetration Model for Rigid Long Rods 70
3.2.1 Impact at the Ordnance Velocity Range 71
3.2.2 High Velocity Impact: The Cavitation Phenomenon 76
3.3 The Cavity Expansion Analysis 84
3.4 The Penetration of Short Projectiles 92
3.4.1 The Influence of the Entrance Phase 92
3.4.2 A Numerically Based Model for the Entrance Phase Effect 97
3.5 The Impact of Spheres 104
3.5.1 Rigid Sphere Impact 105
3.5.2 The Impact of Non-rigid Spheres 108
3.6 The Effect of Friction 111
3.7 The Optimal Nose Shape 113
3.8 Concrete Targets 114
3.9 The Deep Penetration of Deforming Rods 123
3.10 The Transition to Finite-Thickness Targets 131
4 Plate Perforation 133
Abstract 133
4.1 General Description 133
4.2 The Perforation of Ductile Plates by Sharp Nosed Rigid Projectiles 135
4.3 Plate Perforation by Spherical Nosed Projectiles 153
4.4 Plate Perforation by Blunt Projectiles 156
4.5 Forced Shear Localization and Adiabatic Shear Failure 174
4.6 The Perforation of Concrete Slabs by Rigid Projectiles 177
4.7 The Catastrophic Failure of Thin Panels by Hydrodynamic Ram 187
5 Eroding Penetrators 191
Abstract 191
5.1 The Penetration of Shaped Charge Jets 192
5.2 The Penetration of Eroding Long Rods 195
5.2.1 The Allen--Rogers Penetration Model 198
5.2.2 The Aleksee nu skii-Tate Penetration Model 205
5.2.3 The Validity of the AT Model 211
5.2.4 The L/D Effect 215
5.2.5 Other Penetration Models 219
5.3 Scaling Issues in Terminal Ballistics 224
5.4 Penetration at the Hypervelocity Regime 231
5.5 Plate Perforation by Eroding Rods 235
5.6 Perforation of Thin Plates at the Hypervelocity Regime 242
Part IIIDefeat Mechanisms 244
6 Defeat by High Strength Targets 245
Abstract 245
6.1 Definitions 245
6.2 Metallic Targets 246
6.3 Ceramics for Armor 251
6.3.1 Ceramics Against AP Projectiles 251
6.3.2 The Interaction of Ceramics with Long Rods 261
6.3.3 Numerical Simulations 269
6.3.4 Ceramics Against Shaped Charge Jets 277
6.4 Woven Fabrics as Armor Materials 280
7 Asymmetric Interactions 292
Abstract 292
7.1 Defeating AP Projectiles 295
7.2 Defeating Long Rods 301
7.2.1 Perforation of Inclined Plates 301
7.2.2 Ricochet of Long Rods 302
7.2.3 The Interaction of Long Rods with Moving Plates 308
7.2.4 The Impact of Yawed Rods 316
7.3 Defeating Shaped Charge Jets 326
7.3.1 The Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) 326
7.3.2 Passive Cassettes 335
7.3.3 The Hole Diameter in a Plate Impacted by a Jet 339
References 345