Wideband RF Technologies and Antennas in Microwave Frequencies

Albert Sabban, PhD, is a Senior Researcher and Lecturer at Ort Braude College Karmiel Israel. Dr. Sabban was RF and antenna specialist at communication and Biomedical Hi-tech Companies. He designed wearable compact antennas to medical systems. From 1976 to 2007, Dr. Albert Sabban worked as a senior R&D scientist and project leader in RAFAEL.

Acknowledgments xiii

Author Biography xv

Preface xxv

1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation and Applications 1

1.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 1

1.2 Free-Space Propagation 4

1.3 Friis Transmission Formula 6

1.4 Link Budget Examples 8

1.5 Noise 9

1.6 Communication System Link Budget 11

1.7 Path Loss 13

1.8 Receiver Sensitivity 13

1.9 Receivers: Definitions and Features 14

1.10 Types of Radars 16

1.11 Transmitters: Definitions and Features 16

References 18

2 Electromagnetic Theory and Transmission Lines for RF Designers 19

2.1 Definitions 19

2.2 Electromagnetic Waves 20

2.3 Transmission Lines 25

2.4 Matching Techniques 29

2.5 Coaxial Transmission Line 34

2.6 Microstrip Line 36

2.7 Materials 39

2.8 Waveguides 43

2.9 Circular Waveguide 48

References 54

3 Basic Antennas for Communication Systems 57

3.1 Introduction to Antennas 57

3.2 Antenna Parameters 58

3.3 Dipole Antenna 60

3.4 Basic Aperture Antennas 66

3.5 Horn Antennas 69

3.6 Antenna Arrays for Communication Systems 80

References 88

4 MIC and MMIC Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technologies 91

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Microwave Integrated Circuits Modules 92

4.3 Development and Fabrication of a Compact Integrated RF Head for Inmarsat-M Ground Terminal 92

4.4 Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits 100

4.5 Conclusions 111

References 111

5 Printed Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems 113

5.1 Printed Antennas 113

5.2 Two Layers Stacked Microstrip Antennas 119

5.3 Stacked Monopulse Ku Band Patch Antenna 122

5.4 Loop Antennas 123

5.5 Wired Loop Antenna 132

5.6 Radiation Pattern of a Loop Antenna Near a Metal Sheet 133

5.7 Planar Inverted-F Antenna 136

References 140

6 MIC and MMIC Millimeter-Wave Receiving Channel Modules 141

6.1 18–40 GHz Compact RF Modules 141

6.2 18–40 GHz Front End 141

6.3 18–40 GHz Integrated Compact Switched Filter Bank Module 154

6.4 FSU Performance 163

6.5 FSU Design and Analysis 171

6.6 FSU Fabrication 181

6.7 Conclusions 184

References 185

7 Integrated Outdoor Unit for Millimeter-Wave Satellite Communication Applications 187

7.1 The ODU Description 187

7.2 The Low Noise Unit: LNB 191

7.3 SSPA Output Power Requirements 191

7.4 Isolation Between Receiving and Transmitting Channels 192

7.5 SSPA 192

7.6 The ODU Mechanical Package 194

7.7 Low Noise and Low-cost K-band Compact Receiving Channel for VSAT Satellite Communication Ground Terminal 195

7.8 Ka-band Integrated High Power Amplifiers SSPA for VSAT Satellite Communication Ground Terminal 200

7.9 Conclusions 205

References 206

8 MIC and MMIC Integrated RF Heads 209

8.1 Integrated Ku-band Automatic Tracking System 209

8.2 Super Compact X-band Monopulse Transceiver 233

References 243

9 MIC and MMIC Components and Modules Design 245

9.1 Introduction 245

9.2 Passive Elements 245

9.3 Power Dividers and Combiners 249

9.4 RF Amplifiers 256

9.5 Linearity of RF Amplifiers and Active Devices 262

9.6 Wideband Phased Array Direction Finding System 270

9.7 Conclusions 277

References 279

10 Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) Technology 281

10.1 Introduction 281

10.2 MEMS Technology 281

10.3 W-band MEMS Detection Array 285

10.4 Array Fabrication and Measurement 291

10.5 Mutual Coupling Effects Between Pixels 293

10.6 MEMS Bow-tie Dipole with Bolometer 294

10.7 220 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna 294

10.8 Conclusions 294

References 297

11 Low-Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) Technology 299

11.1 Introduction 299

11.2 LTCC and HTCC Technology Features 300

11.3 LTCC and HTCC Technology Process 301

11.4 Design of High-pass LTCC Filters 301

11.5 Comparison of Single-layer and Multilayer Microstrip Circuits 305

11.6 LTCC Multilayer Technology Design Considerations 308

11.7 Capacitor and Inductor Quality (Q) Factor 310

11.8 Summary of LTCC Process Advantages and Limitations 312

11.9 Conclusions 312

References 313

12 Advanced Antenna Technologies for Communication System 315

12.1 New Wideband Wearable Metamaterial Antennas for Communication Applications 315

12.2 Stacked Patch Antenna Loaded with SRR 325

12.3 Patch Antenna Loaded with Split Ring Resonators 327

12.4 Metamaterial Antenna Characteristics in Vicinity to the Human Body 329

12.5 Metamaterial Wearable Antennas 333

12.6 Wideband Stacked Patch with SRR 336

12.7 Fractal Printed Antennas 338

12.8 Antiradar Fractals and/or Multilevel Chaff Dispersers 341

12.9 Definition of Multilevel Fractal Structure 342

12.10 Advanced Antenna System 344

12.11 Applications of Fractal Printed Antennas 348

12.12 Conclusions 364

References 367

13 Wearable Communication and Medical Systems 369

13.1 Wearable Antennas for Communication and Medical Applications 369

13.2 Dually Polarized Wearable 434 MHz Printed Antenna 370

13.3 Loop Antenna with Ground Plane 374

13.4 Antenna S 11 Variation as Function of Distance from Body 377

13.5 Wearable Antennas 381

13.6 Compact Dual-Polarized Printed Antenna 385

13.7 Compact Wearable RFID Antennas 385

13.8 434 MHz Receiving Channel for Communication and Medical Systems 394

13.9 Conclusions 395

References 398

14 RF Measurements 401

14.1 Introduction 401

14.2 Multiport Networks with N-ports 402

14.3 Scattering Matrix 403

14.4 S-Parameters Measurements 404

14.5 Transmission Measurements 407

14.6 Output Power and Linearity Measurements 409

14.7 Power Input Protection Measurement 409

14.8 Nonharmonic Spurious Measurements 410

14.9 Switching Time Measurements 410

14.10 IP 2 Measurements 410

14.11 IP 3 Measurements 412

14.12 Noise Figure Measurements 414

14.13 Antenna Measurements 414

14.14 Antenna Range Setup 419

References 420

Index 421