Network Routing

Dr Sudip Misra is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. Prior to this he was associated with Cornell University (USA), Yale University (USA), Nortel Networks (Canada), and the Government of Ontario (Canada). He received his PhD degree in Computer Science from Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada, and Master's and Bachelor's degrees, respectively, from the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, and the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. Dr Misra has several years of experience working in academia, government, and the private sector in research, teaching, consulting, project management, software design, and product engineering roles. Dr Sumit Goswami is a scientist with the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India. He has worked in the field of information security, wide area networks, website hosting, network management, and information extraction. He gained his PhD degree and Master's degree in Computer Science and Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. He also holds a Postgraduate Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication, a Bachelor's Degree in Library and Information Science, and a BTech Degree in Computer Science and Engineering.

About the Authors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii About the Companion Website xxi Part I Fundamental Concepts 1 1 Introduction to Network Routing 3 1.1 Introduction to Networks 3 1.2 Network Architecture and Standards 6 1.3 Glimpse at the Network Layer 13 1.4 Addressing in TCP/IP Networks 16 1.5 Overview of Routing 20 1.6 Delivery, Forwarding, Routing, and Switching 21 1.7 Routing Taxonomy 23 1.8 Host Mobility and Routing 26 References 27 Abbreviations/Terminologies 28 Questions 30 Exercises 32 2 Basic Routing Algorithms 35 2.1 Introduction to Routing Algorithms 35 2.2 Routing Strategies 40 2.2.1 Non?]Adaptive Algorithms 43 2.2.2 Adaptive Algorithms 44 2.2.3 Flooding 44 2.3 Static Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 47 2.4 Dynamic Shortest Path Routing Algorithms 50 2.5 Stochastic Routing Algorithms 53 References 55 Abbreviations/Terminologies 55 Questions 56 Exercises 57 3 Fundamental Routing Protocols 59 3.1 Routing Protocols 59 3.2 Distance Vector Routing 61 3.2.1 Working of the Protocol 61 3.2.2 Convergence of Distance Vector Table 62 3.2.3 Issues in Distance Vector Routing 63 3.2.4 Improvements in Distance Vector Routing 67 3.2.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 68 3.3 Link State Routing 68 3.3.1 Working of the Protocol 68 3.3.2 Routing Tables 70 3.4 Path Vector Routing 71 3.4.1 Working of the Protocol 72 3.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 74 3.5 Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast Routing 77 References 82 Abbreviations/Terminologies 83 Questions 83 Exercises 84 Part II Routing with Quality?]of?]Service and Traffic Engineering 89 4 Quality?]of?]Service Routing 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 QoS Measures 95 4.3 Differentiated and Integrated Services 97 4.4 QoS Routing Algorithms 103 4.5 QoS Unicast Routing Protocols 106 4.6 QoS Multicast Routing Protocols 108 4.7 QoS Best?]Effort Routing 112 References 113 Abbreviations/Terminologies 116 Questions 117 5 Routing and MPLS Traffic Engineering 119 5.1 MPLS Fundamentals 119 5.2 Traffic Engineering Routing Algorithms 120 5.3 Minimum Interference Routing Algorithm 121 5.3.1 The Algorithm 122 5.3.2 Limitations of MIRA 123 5.4 Profile?]Based Routing Algorithm 124 5.5 Dynamic Online Routing Algorithm 125 5.6 Wang et al. s Algorithm 126 5.7 Random Races Algorithm 126 References 127 Abbreviations/Terminologies 128 Questions 128 Exercises 129 Part III Routing on the Internet 131 6 Interior Gateway Protocols 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Distance Vector Protocols 135 6.2.1 Routing Information Protocol 137 6.2.2 Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 141 6.3 Link State Protocols 143 6.3.1 Open Shortest Path First Protocol 144 6.3.2 Intermediate System to Intermediate System Protocol 148 References 152 Abbreviations/Terminologies 152 Questions 153 Exercises 155 7 Exterior Gateway Protocol 159 7.1 Introduction 159 7.1.1 Hosts vs Gateways 161 7.1.2 Gateway?]to?]Gateway Protocol 162 7.1.3 Autonomous System 163 7.1.4 Characteristics of EGP 165 7.2 Exterior Gateway Protocol 166 7.2.1 Evolution of EGP Standards 166 7.2.2 EGP Terminology and Topology 166 7.2.3 EGP Operation Model 167 7.3 Border Gateway Protocol 169 7.3.1 Router Connectivity and Terminology 169 7.3.2 Routing Information Base 181 7.3.3 BGP Operation 182 7.3.4 Decision Process 184 7.3.5 Route Selection Process 185 References 188 Abbreviations/Terminologies 189 Questions 190 Exercises 191 Part IV Other Routing Contexts 195 8 Routing in ATM Networks 197 8.1 Introduction 197 8.1.1 ATM Frames 199 8.1.2 ATM Connection 199 8.1.3 ATM Architecture 203 8.1.4 Service Categories 204 8.2 PNNI Routing 206 8.2.1 PNNI Interface 207 8.2.2 PNNI Hierarchy 207 8.2.3 Building the Network Topology 209 8.2.4 Peer Group Leader 210 8.2.5 Advertizing Topology 211 8.2.6 Setting up Connection 212 References 213 Abbreviations/Terminologies 213 Questions 214 Exercises 216 9 Routing in Cellular Wireless Networks 219 9.1 Introduction 219 9.2 Basics of Cellular Wireless Networks 220 9.3 Resource Allocation 229 9.4 Routing in GSM Networks 231 9.4.1 Architecture 232 9.4.2 Call Routing 234 9.5 Challenges in Mobile Computing 235 References 238 Abbreviations/Terminologies 240 Questions 241 Exercises 242 10 Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 245 10.1 Introduction 245 10.1.1 Basics of Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 248 10.1.2 Issues with Existing Protocols 256 10.2 Table?]Driven (Proactive) Routing Protocols 258 10.3 On?]Demand (Reactive) Routing Protocols 260 10.4 Hybrid Routing Protocols 266 10.5 Hierarchical Routing Protocols 267 10.6 Geographic Routing Protocols 268 10.7 Power?]Aware Routing Protocols 274 References 276 Abbreviations/Terminologies 278 Questions 280 Exercises 281 11 Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks 285 11.1 Basics of Wireless Sensor Networks 285 11.1.1 Hardware Architecture of Sensor Node 11.1.2 Network Topology 289 11.1.3 Design Factors 290 11.1.4 Classification of Routing Protocol 292 11.2 Routing Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks 293 11.2.1 Self?]Healing Networks 295 11.2.2 Security Threats 296 11.3 Flat Routing Protocols 297 11.4 Hierarchical Routing Protocols 303 11.5 Location?]Based Routing Protocols 308 11.6 Multipath Routing Protocols 310 11.7 Query?]Based Routing Protocols 312 11.8 Negotiation?]Based Routing Protocols 314 11.9 QoS Routing Protocols 315 11.9.1 Challenges 316 11.9.2 Approach to QoS Routing 316 11.9.3 Protocols 317 References 317 Abbreviations/Terminologies 321 Questions 322 Exercises 324 12 Routing in 6LoWPAN 327 12.1 Introduction 327 12.1.1 IP for Smart Objects 328 12.1.2 6LoWPAN 329 12.1.3 ZigBee 330 12.1.4 ZigBee vs 6LoWPAN 330 12.2 6LoWPAN Fundamentals 331 12.2.1 Architecture 332 12.2.2 Header Format and Compressio 332 12.2.3 Network Topology 335 12.2.4 Neighbor Discovery 335 12.2.5 Routing 336 12.3 Interoperability of 6LoWPAN 337 12.4 Applications 338 12.5 Security Considerations and Research Areas 341 References 342 Abbreviations/Terminologies 345 Questions 346 Exercises 348 Part V Advanced Concepts 349 13 Security in Routing 351 13.1 Introduction 351 13.1.1 Network Sniffer 353 13.1.2 Denial of Service Attack 357 13.1.3 Social Engineering 358 13.1.4 Packet Filtering 359 13.2 Attack Surface 360 13.2.1 Types of Attack Surface 361 13.2.2 Attack Surface and System Resources 361 13.2.3 Attack Surface Metric 362 13.2.4 Reduction in Attack Surface 362 13.3 Networked Battlefield 363 13.4 Mobile Agents 365 13.4.1 Architecture and Framework 368 13.4.2 Life Cycle 369 13.4.3 Challenges 370 13.5 Cognitive Security 370 13.5.1 Solution Concept 371 13.5.2 Cognitive Capabilities 372 13.5.3 General Capabilities 373 References 373 Abbreviations/Terminologies 374 Questions 375 Exercises 376 14 Reliability and Fault?]Tolerant and Delay?]Tolerant Routing 377 14.1 Fundamentals of Network Reliability 377 14.1.1 Importance of Reliability Calculation 378 14.1.2 Methods to Calculate the Reliability of a Network 379 14.2 Fault Tolerance 390 14.2.1 Fault?]Tolerant Network 394 14.2.2 Autonomic Network 394 14.3 Network Management for Fault Detection 398 14.3.1 Traditional Network Management 399 14.3.2 Mobile Agent 400 14.3.3 Policy?]Based Network Management 401 14.4 Wireless Tactical Networks 402 14.5 Routing in Delay?]Tolerant Networks 403 14.5.1 Applications 404 14.5.2 Routing Protocols 404 References 405 Abbreviations/Terminologies 407 Questions 408 Exercises 409 Index 411