High Voltage Engineering (eBook)

Front Cover 1
High-Voltage Engineering: Fundamentals 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Chapter 1. Introduction 12
1.1 Generation and Transmission of Electric Energy 12
1.2 Voltage Stresses 15
1.3 Testing Voltages 15
Chapter 2. Generation of High Voltages 18
2.1 Direct Voltages 19
2.2 Alternating Voltages 43
2.3 Impulse Voltages 64
References 96
Chapter 3. Measurement of High Voltages 99
3.1 Peak Voltage Measurements by Spark Gaps 100
3.2 Electrostatic Voltmeters 123
3.3 Ammeter in Series with High Impedance and High Ohmic Resistor Voltage Dividers 125
3.4 Generating Voltmeters 138
3.5 The Measurement of Peak Voltages 145
3.6 Voltage Dividing Systems and Impulse Voltage Measurements 165
References 217
Chapter 4. Electrostatic Fields and Field Stress Control 220
4.1 Electrical Field Distribution and Breakdown Strength of Insulating Materials 221
4.2 Fields in Homogeneous, Isotropie Materials 225
4.3 Fields in Multidielectric, Isotropie Materials 248
4.4 Experimental Field Analysis Techniques 264
4.5 Numerical Methods 271
References 305
Chapter 5. Electrical Breakdown in Gases, Solids and Liquids 308
5.1 Classical Gas Laws 308
5.2 Ionization and Decay Processes 322
5.3 Cathode Processes—Secondary Effects 346
5.4 Transition from Self-sustained Discharges to Breakdown 355
5.5 The Streamer or "Kanal" Mechanism of Spark 357
5.6 The Sparking Voltage—Paschen's Law 365
5.7 Penning Effect 372
5.8 The Breakdown Field Strength (Eb) 373
5.9 Breakdown in Non-uniform Fields 375
5.10 Effect of Electron Attachment on the Breakdown Criteria 378
5.11 Partial Breakdown, Corona Discharges 382
5.12 Polarity Effect—Influence of Space Charge 388
5.13 Surge Breakdown Voltage—Time Lag 394
5.14 Breakdown in Solid and Liquid Dielectrics 402
References 430
Chapter 6. Non-destructive Insulation Test Techniques 433
6.1 High-voltage Dielectric Loss and Capacitance Measurements 433
6.2 Partial-Discharge Measurements 444
References 472
Chapter 7. Overvoltages and Insulation Coordination 474
7.1 The Lightning Mechanism 475
7.2 Simulated Lightning Surges for Testing 481
7.3 Switching Surge Test Voltage Characteristics 484
7.4 Insulation Coordination 488
References 498
Index 500