Nanomicrobiology (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 6
Contributors 7
Chapter-1 9
Nanostructures and Nanobacteria 9
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Microscopy Investigations 10
1.3 Examination of Nanobacteria as Independent Life Forms 12
1.4 Nanostructures from Conventional Microorganisms 13
1.5 Conclusions 15
References 16
Chapter-2 19
S-layer Structure in Bacteria and Archaea 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 SLP Composition and Post-Translational Modifications 21
2.3 Functional Diversity of S-Layers 22
2.4 Structural Biology of S-Layers 23
2.4.1 Structure of SLP Fragment from Staphylothermus marinus 29
2.4.2 Structure of SLP from M. mazei 31
2.4.3 Structure of SlpA from C. difficile 31
2.4.4 Structure of the SLH Domain of Sap from B. anthracis 32
2.4.5 Structure of the DUF1608 Domain of Methanosarcina acetivorans 32
2.4.6 Structures of SbsB and SbsC from G. stearothermophilus 33
2.5 Applications 35
References 37
Chapter-3 46
Magnetotactic Bacteria, Magnetosomes, and Nanotechnology 46
3.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective 46
3.2 Diversity of Magnetotactic Bacteria 47
3.3 The Bacterial Magnetosome 50
3.4 The First Magnetosomes and Origin of Greigite Magnetosome Biomineralization 52
3.5 Function of Magnetosomes 53
3.6 Genomics of Magnetotactic Bacteria 55
3.7 Magnetosome Biomineralization 57
3.8 Mass Cultivation of Magnetotactic Bacteria 62
3.9 Purification of Magnetosomes 64
3.10 Applications of Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes in Nanotechnology 64
3.11 Future Directions 68
References 69
Chapter-4 82
Carboxysomes and Their Structural Organization in Prokaryotes 82
4.1 Introduction 82
4.2 Ultrastructure of Carboxysomes and Their Cellular Associations 83
4.2.1 Carboxysome Association with Polyphosphate Granules 84
4.2.2 Carboxysome Size Heterogeneity 86
4.3 Stability Differences Between Carboxysome Types 87
4.4 The Carboxysome Shell 87
4.4.1 Single Pfam00936 Shell Proteins 89
4.4.2 Tandem Pfam00936 Shell Proteins 91
4.4.3 Pfam03319 Shell Proteins 93
4.4.4 Is the Shell Single- or Double-Layered? 93
4.5 Shell-Associated Proteins 93
4.5.1 Shell-Associated Proteins of ?-Carboxysomes 93
4.5.2 Shell-Associated Proteins of ?-Carboxysomes 95
4.6 Shell Permeability 97
4.7 The Arrangement of RubisCO Within the Carboxysome 98
4.8 Carboxysome Assembly 99
4.8.1 Assembly Intermediates 99
4.8.2 The ?-Carboxysome Assembly Pathway 100
4.9 Carboxysome Segregation 102
4.10 Concluding Remarks 103
References 104
Chapter-5 109
Bacterial Organization at the Smallest Level: Molecular Motors, Nanowires, and Outer Membrane Vesicles 109
5.1 Introduction 109
5.2 Molecular Motors 110
5.2.1 Flagellar Rotation Is a Nanomotor 110
5.2.2 F1F0-ATP Synthase Is a Rotary Nanomotor 114
5.2.3 Rotational DNA Motor 116
5.2.4 Linear Molecular Motors 116
5.2.4.1 RNA Polymerase 117
5.2.4.2 Export of Biomolecules 117
5.2.5 Micromechanical Devices Powdered by Microorganisms 119
5.3 Nanowires 122
5.4 Outer Membrane Vesicles 123
5.5 Summary and Perspective 125
References 126
Chapter-6 132
The Mechanism of Bacterial Gliding Motility: Insights from Molecular and Cellular Studies in the Myxobacteria and Bacteroidetes 132
6.1 Gliding Motility in Myxococcus Xanthus 133
6.1.1 The Myxococcus A-Motility Machinery 133
6.1.2 The Mechanism of A-Motility 137
6.2 Gliding Motility in the Bacteroidetes 140
6.2.1 Flavobacterium Gliding Involves a Repertoire of Outer Membrane Adhesins 141
6.2.2 The Gliding Motility Mechanism Involves Helical Trafficking of the Surface Adhesins 141
6.2.3 The Flavobacterium Gliding Motility Genes and the Still Elusive Gliding Machinery 144
6.2.4 Gliding Motility Requires a New Secretion System and an Unknown Motor 144
6.3 General Conclusions 145
References 146
Chapter-7 149
Nanoparticles Formed by Microbial Metabolism of Metals and Minerals 149
7.1 The Scope of Microbial Activities 149
7.2 Metallic and Metalloid Nanoparticles 150
7.2.1 Au0 150
7.2.2 Ag0 151
7.2.3 Pd0 152
7.2.4 Pt0 152
7.2.5 UO2 153
7.3 Production of Metalloid Particles 154
7.3.1 Se0 154
7.3.2 Te0 155
7.4 Production of Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles 158
7.4.1 CdS 158
7.4.2 ZnS 159
7.4.3 Arsenic Sulfide 159
7.4.4 FeS 160
7.5 Production of Oxides and Phosphates 160
7.5.1 MnO2 160
7.5.2 CuO 160
7.5.3 V(IV) 161
7.5.4 Iron Oxide 161
7.5.5 Silicon Dioxide 161
7.5.6 Phosphates 161
7.6 Physiological Features of Bioproduced Nanoparticles 162
7.6.1 Thiol-Mediated Reactions Leading to Reduction of Selenite 163
7.6.2 Enzymes Associated with Metal and Metalloid Reduction 164
7.6.3 Membrane Permeability of Ag0 Nanoparticles 166
7.6.4 Protein Capping of Se0 Nanoparticles 167
7.7 Cell Mapping for Localization of Metals 168
7.7.1 Se0 Nanoparticles Produced by W. succinogenes 168
7.8 Summary and Perspective 172
References 173
Index 181