Engineering Surveying (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Engineering Surveying: Theory and Examination Problems for Students 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7
CHAPTER 1. ERRORS AND ADJUSTMENTS 10
1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF ERRORS 10
1.2 FURTHER DEFINITIONS 12
1.3 PROBABILITY 13
1.4 INDICES OF PRECISION 15
1.5 WEIGHT 16
1.6 REJECTION OF OUTLIERS 17
1.7 STUDENT'S t-DISTRIBUTION 18
1.8 F-DISTRIBUTION 20
1.9 CHI-SQUARED DISTRIBUTION 21
1.10 COMBINATION OF ERRORS 23
1.11 ADJUSTMENT OF OBSERVATIONS BY THE METHOD OF LEAST SQUARES 26
1.12 VARIATION OF CO-ORDINATES 44
1.13 STRENGTH ANALYSIS 48
1.14 PRE-SURVEY ANALYSIS 56
1.15 NETWORK OPTIMIZATION 57
REFERENCES 75
CHAPTER 2. CONTROL SURVEYS 76
2.1 TRIANGULATION 76
2.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE-MEASUREMENT (EDM) 85
2.3 FIGURAL ADJUSTMENT BY EQUAL SHIFTS 107
2.4 SATELLITE STATIONS 112
2.5 RESECTION AND INTERSECTION 113
2.6 TRILATERATION 117
2.7 TRAVERSING 120
2.8 TRIGONOMETRICAL LEVELLING 121
2.9 THE SPHEROID 135
2.10 COMPUTATION ON THE SPHEROID 137
2.11 SETTING OUT PARALLELS OF LATITUDE 145
2.12 TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION 148
2.13 THE NATIONAL GRID 149
2.14 SCALE FACTORS 151
2.15 CONVERGENCE OF MERIDIANS 154
2.16 THE (t – T) CORRECTION 155
REFERENCES 160
CHAPTER 3. AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 161
3.1 PHOTOGRAPHY 161
3.2 GEOMETRY OF THE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH 163
3.3 GROUND CONTROL 175
3.4 FLIGHT PLANNING 176
3.5 RADIAL-LINE PLOTTING 180
3.6 SLOTTED-TEMPLATE ASSEMBLY 186
3.7 STEREOSCOPY 190
3.8 RESTITUTION SYSTEMS 200
3.9 MOSAICS AND ORTHOPHOTOMAPS 202
3.10 SPECIFICATION FOR VERTICAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHY 202
SECTION ONE: Summary of requirements and materials to be delivered 203
SECTION TWO: Cameras and associated equipment 204
SECTION THREE: Flying and photographic coverage 206
SECTION FOUR: Aerial film and image quality of negative 208
SECTION FIVE: Photographic products 210
SECTION SIX: Documentation and annotation 211
3.11 APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY IN ENGINEERING 213
3.12 TERRESTRIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY 222
CHAPTER 4. FIELD ASTRONOMY 230
4.1 SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY 230
4.2 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS IN ASTRONOMY 236
4.3 TIME IN ASTRONOMY 241
4.4 OBSERVATIONAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CORRECTIONS 252
4.5 METHODS OF DETERMINING LATITUDE 253
4.6 DETERMINATION OF AZIMUTH 260
4.7 POSITION LINES 262
APPENDIX 275
ABBREVIATIONS 280
INDEX 282