Understand Electronics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Understand Electronics 4
Copyright 5
Table of Contents 6
Introduction 8
Chapter 1. Electrons and electricity 10
The discovery of electricity 11
More electric attraction 11
Electric charge and atoms 11
Atomic dimensions 13
Electric fields 13
Charge and energy 15
Charging other substances 15
Conduction 15
Electromotive force 17
Current through a solution 18
Current through a gas 19
Chapter 2. E.m.f. and potential 20
A source of electromotive force 20
Which way does the current flow? 21
Other cells 22
Cells and batteries 23
New batteries 24
Measuring current, charge and e.m.f. 25
Potential difference 26
Units, multiples and sub-multiples 27
Potential and voltage 27
E.m.f. and potential 27
Chapter 3. Resistance 29
V and V 30
Resistors 30
Colour codes 32
Resistors as p.d. producers 33
Connected resistances 33
Variable resistors 34
Power 35
Superconduction 36
Internal resistance 37
Chapter 4.Capacitance 39
Capacitance 40
Submultiples of the farad 41
Practical capacitors 42
Danger from capacitors 44
Charging a capacitor 45
Time constant 46
Alternating current 46
Effects of frequency 50
Stray capacitance 52
Coupling 52
Decoupling 53
Capacitors for batteries 54
Uses of capacitors 54
Chapter 5. Inductance 55
Electricity and magnetism 55
Magnetic poles 56
Self induction 57
Inductors and inductance 58
High p.d.s in inductive circuits 61
Practical inductors 62
Eddy currents 62
Transformers 64
Power 65
Chapter 6.Simple circuits 66
Potential divider 66
Resistor bridge 69
Filters 70
Resonance 71
Chapter 7.Semiconduction 73
Resistance and temperature 74
Thermal runaway 74
Increased conduction 75
Doping 76
The p-n junction 77
Semiconductor diode 79
Diode valves 80
Current through a diode 80
Practical diodes 80
Zener diodes 81
Variable capacitance diodes 82
Chapter 8. Transistors 83
Field effect transistor 83
Zero potential 84
MOSFETs 85
Gate potential 87
VMOS 88
HEXFETS 89
Bipolar transistors 90
Mass production 90
Practical transistors 93
Darlington transistors 94
Chapter 9.Semiconductor circuits 95
Rectifiers 95
Single-diode rectifier 95
Bridge rectifier 97
Smoothing 97
Voltage regulation 98
Power control 99
Transistor connections 100
Load p.d. 101
Protective diode 102
Common base connection 103
Voltage regulators 104
Common collector connection 104
Schmitt trigger 105
FET circuits 107
Chapter 10. More semiconducting devices 108
Unijunction transistor 108
Silicon controlled switch 109
p-n-p transistor action 110
Triac 111
Diac 111
Chapter 11. Sensors and transducers 112
Temperature sensors 112
Sound sensors 116
Piezo-transducers 116
Mechanical sensors 118
Magnetic field sensors 120
Humidity sensors 122
pH sensor 123
Gas sensors 123
Nuclear radiation detectors 124
Sound-producing transducers 124
Motion-producing transducers 126
Chapter 12. Optoelectronic sensors 129
Light-dependent resistor 129
Photodiode 130
Phototransistor 130
Camera on a chip 131
Photovoltaic cell 132
Solar cell 133
Pyroelectric sensor 134
Chapter 13. Light sources and displays 135
Light-emitting diode 135
Optocoupler 136
Laser 137
Laser diode 138
Liquid crystal display 138
Cathode ray tubes 140
Chapter 14. From components to circuits 141
Breadboard 141
Stripboard 142
Printed circuit board 143
Integrated circuits 145
Crystals for ICs 147
Integration 148
IC manufacture 148
Applications of integration 150
Gallium arsenide ICs 152
Advantages of integration 152
Surface mount technology 153
Computer simulations 155
Chapter 15. Oscillating circuits 157
UJT oscillator 157
Bistable circuit 158
Monostable circuit 159
Astable circuit 161
The 555 timer IC 162
Crystal oscillator 164
Sine-wave oscillators 164
Chapter 16. Test equipment 166
The moving-coil meter 166
Measurement of current 167
Measurement of p.d. 167
Measurement of resistance 169
Multimeters 169
Digital meters 170
The oscilloscope 172
Signal and pulse generators 174
Chapter 17. Amplifier circuits 176
Transistor characteristics 176
Common-emitter amplifier 177
Two-stage amplifier 179
FET amplifier 181
MOSFET amplifiers 182
Chapter 18. Operational amplifiers 184
Using op amps 185
Instrumentation amplifiers 188
Transconductance amplifiers 189
Transconductance 189
Amplifier gain 190
Power ratios 191
Active filters 191
Using decibels 193
Chapter 19. Logic circuits 194
Inverse statements 195
Logical operators 195
Truth tables 196
Transistor-transistor logic 197
CMOS logic 199
Transmission gates 201
Other logic 202
Logic and numbers 202
Bits and bytes 203
Programmable logic 204
Sequential logic 207
Logic circuits and the outside world 207
Chapter 20. Audio electronics 211
Tape recording 212
Induction and motion 213
Linearity 214
Erasing 215
The final stages 216
Digital Audio Tape 216
Digital compact cassettes 220
Compact discs 221
Electronic music 224
Chapter 21. Computers 226
Addressing 228
Input peripherals 234
Optical disks 237
Magneto-optical disks 238
Hardware and software 238
Chapter 22. Telecommunications 240
Telegraphy 240
Telephony 240
High frequencies 241
Parity 242
Facsimile 243
Optical fibre 244
Radio 245
Frequency and wavelength 246
Radio reception 249
Selectivity 251
Beats 251
Television 253
Reception 255
Video recording 257
Video cinema 259
Chapter 23.Microwaves 261
Generation of microwaves 261
Waveguides 264
Microstrip 265
Microwave communications 268
Radar 270
Sub-surface radar 271
Doppler systems 272
Microwave ovens 273
Chapter 24.Medical electronics 275
Body scanning 275
LASS 276
Measuring bodily potentials 277
Stimulators 278
Microwave diathermy 279
Electronics helps the disabled 279
Radioactive tracer elements 280
Radio pill 281
Ultrasonics 282
Chapter 25.Electronics in industry 284
Electronic counting 284
Measuring flow 286
Measuring levels 288
Measuring position 289
Detecting flaws 290
Weighing massive objects 291
Measuring high temperatures 292
Digital printing 293
Moisture content 293
Automation 295
Chapter 26.Electronics and the future 298
Index 302