Structural Concrete

M. NADIM HASSOUN, PD, PE, FASCE, FICE, MACI, is Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering at South Dakota State University. AKTHEM AL-MANASEER, PD, PENG, FASCE, FACI, FCSCE, MISTRUCTE, is Professor of Structural Concrete in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at San Jose State University.

Preface xiii Notation xvii Conversion Factors xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Structural Concrete 1 1.2 Historical Background 1 1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete 3 1.4 Codes of Practice 4 1.5 Design Philosophy and Concepts 4 1.6 Units of Measurement 5 1.7 Loads 6 1.8 Safety Provisions 8 1.9 Structural Concrete Elements 9 1.10 Structural Concrete Design 9 1.11 Accuracy of Calculations 10 1.12 Concrete High-Rise Buildings 10 References 13 2 Properties of Reinforced Concrete 15 2.1 Factors Affecting Strength of Concrete 15 2.2 Compressive Strength 17 2.3 Stress Strain Curves of Concrete 18 2.4 Tensile Strength of Concrete 19 2.5 Flexural Strength (Modulus of Rupture) of Concrete 21 2.6 Shear Strength 21 2.7 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete 22 2.8 Poisson s Ratio 23 2.9 Shear Modulus 24 2.10 Modular Ratio 24 2.11 Volume Changes of Concrete 24 2.12 Creep 25 2.13 Models for Predicting Shrinkage and Creep of Concrete 27 2.14 Unit Weight of Concrete 69 2.15 Fire Resistance 70 2.16 High-Performance Concrete 70 2.17 Lightweight Concrete 71 2.18 Fibrous Concrete 72 2.19 Steel Reinforcement 72 Summary 78 References 79 Problems 80 3 Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Assumptions 84 3.3 Behavior of Simply Supported Reinforced Concrete Beam Loaded to Failure 84 3.4 Types of Flexural Failure and Strain Limits 88 3.5 Load Factors 91 3.6 Strength Reduction Factor 93 3.7 Significance of Analysis and Design Expressions 94 3.8 Equivalent Compressive Stress Distribution 94 3.9 Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section in Bending 99 3.10 Lower Limit or Minimum Percentage of Steel 108 3.11 Adequacy of Sections 109 3.12 Bundled Bars 113 3.13 Sections in the Transition Region ( 0.9) 114 3.14 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement 116 3.15 Analysis of T- and I-Sections 127 3.16 Dimensions of Isolated T-Shaped Sections 136 3.17 Inverted L-Shaped Sections 137 3.18 Sections of Other Shapes 137 3.19 Analysis of Sections Using Tables 139 3.20 Additional Examples 140 3.21 Examples Using SI Units 142 Summary 145 References 148 Problems 148 4 Flexural Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams 152 4.1 Introduction 152 4.2 Rectangular Sections with Tension Reinforcement Only 152 4.3 Spacing of Reinforcement and Concrete Cover 155 4.4 Rectangular Sections with Compression Reinforcement 162 4.5 Design of T-Sections 169 4.6 Additional Examples 174 4.7 Examples Using SI Units 178 Summary 181 Problems 184 5 Shear and Diagonal Tension 188 5.1 Introduction 188 5.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams 188 5.3 Behavior of Beams without Shear Reinforcement 191 5.4 Moment Effect on Shear Strength 193 5.5 Beams with Shear Reinforcement 195 5.6 ACI Code Shear Design Requirements 198 5.7 Design of Vertical Stirrups 201 5.8 Design Summary 205 5.9 Shear Force Due to Live Loads 209 5.10 Shear Stresses in Members of Variable Depth 213 5.11 Examples Using SI Units 217 Summary 222 References 222 Problems 223 6 Deflection and Control of Cracking 226 6.1 Deflection of Structural Concrete Members 226 6.2 Instantaneous Deflection 227 6.3 Long-Time Deflection 233 6.4 Allowable Deflection 234 6.5 Deflection Due to Combinations of Loads 234 6.6 Cracks in Flexural Members 243 6.7 ACI Code Requirements 247 Summary 252 References 253 Problems 254 7 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars 257 7.1 Introduction 257 7.2 Development of Bond Stresses 258 7.3 Development Length in Tension 261 7.4 Development Length in Compression 264 7.5 Summary for Computation of ID in Tension 266 7.6 Critical Sections in Flexural Members 268 7.7 Standard Hooks (ACI Code, Sections 25.3 and 25.4) 272 7.8 Splices of Reinforcement 276 7.9 Moment Resistance Diagram (Bar Cutoff Points) 281 Summary 285 References 286 Problems 287 8 Design of Deep Beams by the Strut-and-Tie Method 290 8.1 Introduction 290 8.2 B- and D-Regions 290 8.3 Strut-and-Tie Model 290 8.4 ACI Design Procedure to Build a Strut-and-Tie Model 293 8.5 Strut-and-Tie Method According to AASHTO LRFD 301 8.6 Deep Members 303 References 321 Problems 321 9 One-Way Slabs 324 9.1 Types of Slabs 324 9.2 Design of One-Way Solid Slabs 326 9.3 Design Limitations According to ACI Code 328 9.4 Temperature and Shrinkage Reinforcement 328 9.5 Reinforcement Details 329 9.6 Distribution of Loads from One-Way Slabs to Supporting Beams 329 9.7 One-Way Joist Floor System 335 Summary 338 References 339 Problems 340 10 Axially Loaded Columns 342 10.1 Introduction 342 10.2 Types of Columns 342 10.3 Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns 344 10.4 ACI Code Limitations 344 10.5 Spiral Reinforcement 347 10.6 Design Equations 348 10.7 Axial Tension 349 10.8 Long Columns 349 Summary 352 References 353 Problems 354 11 Members in Compression and Bending 356 11.1 Introduction 356 11.2 Design Assumptions for Columns 358 11.3 Load Moment Interaction Diagram 358 11.4 Safety Provisions 361 11.5 Balanced Condition: Rectangular Sections 362 11.6 Column Sections under Eccentric Loading 365 11.7 Strength of Columns for Tension Failure 367 11.8 Strength of Columns for Compression Failure 370 11.9 Interaction Diagram Example 376 11.10 Rectangular Columns with Side Bars 377 11.11 Load Capacity of Circular Columns 381 11.12 Analysis and Design of Columns Using Charts 386 11.13 Design of Columns under Eccentric Loading 391 11.14 Biaxial Bending 397 11.15 Circular Columns with Uniform Reinforcement under Biaxial Bending 399 11.16 Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending 402 11.17 Parme Load Contour Method 403 11.18 Equation of Failure Surface 408 11.19 SI Example 411 Summary 413 References 415 Problems 415 12 Slender Columns 420 12.1 Introduction 420 12.2 Effective Column Length (Klu) 421 12.3 Effective Length Factor (K) 422 12.4 Member Stiffness (EI) 425 12.5 Limitation of the Slenderness Ratio (KluMr) 427 12.6 Moment-Magnifier Design Method 428 Summary 438 References 440 Problems 441 13 Footings 443 13.1 Introduction 443 13.2 Types of Footings 445 13.3 Distribution of Soil Pressure 448 13.4 Design Considerations 449 13.5 Plain Concrete Footings 459 13.6 Combined Footings 472 13.7 Footings under Eccentric Column Loads 478 13.8 Footings under Biaxial Moment 479 13.9 Slabs on Ground 483 13.10 Footings on Piles 483 13.11 SI Equations 484 Summary 484 References 487 Problems 487 14 Retaining Walls 490 14.1 Introduction 490 14.2 Types of Retaining Walls 490 14.3 Forces on Retaining Walls 492 14.4 Active and Passive Soil Pressures 493 14.5 Effect of Surcharge 497 14.6 Friction on the Retaining Wall Base 499 14.7 Stability against Overturning 499 14.8 Proportions of Retaining Walls 500 14.9 Design Requirements 501 14.10 Drainage 502 14.11 Basement Walls 513 Summary 517 References 518 Problems 518 15 Design for Torsion 523 15.1 Introduction 523 15.2 Torsional Moments in Beams 524 15.3 Torsional Stresses 525 15.4 Torsional Moment in Rectangular Sections 528 15.5 Combined Shear and Torsion 529 15.6 Torsion Theories for Concrete Members 529 15.7 Torsional Strength of Plain Concrete Members 534 15.8 Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Members (ACI Code Procedure) 534 15.9 Summary of ACI Code Procedures 542 Summary 550 References 551 Problems 552 16 Continuous Beams and Frames 555 16.1 Introduction 555 16.2 Maximum Moments in Continuous Beams 556 16.3 Building Frames 561 16.4 Portal Frames 562 16.5 General Frames 565 16.6 Design of Frame Hinges 565 16.7 Introduction to Limit Design 578 16.8 The Collapse Mechanism 580 16.9 Principles of Limit Design 582 16.10 Upper and Lower Bounds of Load Factors 582 16.11 Limit Analysis 582 16.12 Rotation of Plastic Hinges 586 16.13 Summary of Limit Design Procedure 593 16.14 Moment Redistribution of Maximum Negative or Positive Moments in Continuous Beams 596 Summary 605 References 607 Problems 607 17 Design of Two-Way Slabs 610 17.1 Introduction 610 17.2 Types of Two-Way Slabs 610 17.3 Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems 614 17.4 Design Concepts 615 17.5 Column and Middle Strips 619 17.6 Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection 620 17.7 Shear Strength of Slabs 624 17.8 Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method 629 17.9 Design Moments in Columns 658 17.10 Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to Columns 659 17.11 Waffle Slabs 672 17.12 Equivalent Frame Method 681 Summary 692 References 693 Problems 693 18 Stairs 696 18.1 Introduction 696 18.2 Types of Stairs 698 18.3 Examples 713 Summary 721 References 722 Problems 722 19 Introduction to Prestressed Concrete 724 19.1 Prestressed Concrete 724 19.2 Materials and Serviceability Requirements 735 19.3 Loss of Prestress 737 19.4 Analysis of Flexural Members 746 19.5 Design of Flexural Members 756 19.6 Cracking Moment 762 19.7 Deflection 764 19.8 Design for Shear 767 19.9 Preliminary Design of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members 775 19.10 End-Block Stresses 777 Summary 780 References 782 Problems 783 20 Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 786 20.1 Introduction 786 20.2 Seismic Design Category 786 20.3 Analysis Procedures 804 20.4 Load Combinations 818 20.5 Special Requirements in Design of Structures Subjected to Earthquake Loads 819 References 856 Problems 856 21 Beams Curved in Plan 858 21.1 Introduction 858 21.2 Uniformly Loaded Circular Beams 858 21.3 Semicircular Beam Fixed at End Supports 865 21.4 Fixed-End Semicircular Beam under Uniform Loading 869 21.5 Circular Beam Subjected to Uniform Loading 872 21.6 Circular Beam Subjected to a Concentrated Load at Midspan 875 21.7 V-Shape Beams Subjected to Uniform Loading 878 21.8 V-Shape Beams Subjected to a Concentrated Load at the Centerline of the Beam 881 Summary 885 References 886 Problems 886 22 Prestressed Concrete Bridge Design Based on AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 887 22.1 Introduction 887 22.2 Typical Cross Sections 888 22.3 Design Philosophy of AASHTO Specificatioins 891 22.4 Load Factors and Combinations (AASHTO 3.4) 892 22.5 Gravity Loads 896 22.6 Design for Flexural and Axial Force Effects (AASHTO 5.7) 905 22.7 Design for Shear (AASHTO 5.8) 906 22.8 Loss of Prestress (AASHTO 5.9.5) 913 22.9 Deflections (AASHTO 5.7.3.6) 915 References 944 23 Review Problems on Concrete Building Components 945 24 Design and Analysis Flowcharts 970 Appendix A: Design Tables (U.S. Customary Units) 994 Appendix B: Design Tables (SI Units) 1005 Appendix C: Structural Aids 1013 Index 1033