Food Chemical Hazard Detection – Development and Application of New Technologies

Professor Shuo Wang is President of Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Director of Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, and Cheung Kong Scholar. He is also the recipient of Chinese National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars in 2012.

List of contributors xi Preface xiii Section I CHROMATOGRAPHY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY 1 1 Recent developments in gas chromatography mass spectrometry for the detection of food chemical hazards 3 Renbang Zhao 3 1.1 The combination of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry 3 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 Basic gas chromatography 4 1.1.3 Typical mass analyzers and MS detectors in GC MS 5 1.1.4 New development in GC MS and sample preparation 6 1.2 Analysis of pesticide residues in foods 8 1.2.1 Sample preparation 8 1.2.2 Development of GC MS methods for the determination of pesticides in foods 12 1.3 Analysis of contaminants formed during food processing 18 1.3.1 Acrylamide 18 1.3.2 Heterocyclic amines 20 1.3.3 Furan 22 1.3.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 25 1.3.5 Tetramine 27 1.3.6 Chloropropanols 27 1.4 Analysis of environmental contaminants 30 1.4.1 Organometallic compounds 30 1.4.2 Polychlorinated biphenyls 31 1.4.3 Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 34 1.5 Analysis of contaminants from packaging materials 35 1.6 Nitrite 39 Summary 40 Abbreviations 40 References 41 2 Recent developments in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for the detection of food chemical hazards 53 Hongyan Zhang and Jinxing He 53 2.1 Introduction to food safety detection by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry 53 2.2 Principles and current technology of LC MS 55 2.2.1 Extraction and/or purification of specific analytes in food samples 55 2.2.2 Typical LC conditions for LC MS analysis 56 2.2.3 Mass spectrometry 57 2.2.4 Interface technology 58 2.2.5 Method validation and matrix effects 59 2.3 Applications of LC MS in food safety detection 60 2.3.1 Applications of LC MS in the analysis of veterinary drugs and growth-promoting agents 60 2.3.2 Applications of LC MS in the analysis of pesticide residue in foods 79 2.3.3 Applications of LC MS in the analysis of biotoxins in foods 84 2.4 Conclusion 87 Abbreviations 87 References 89 Section II IMMUNOASSAYS 103 3 State of the art immunoassay developments and application to food chemical hazards 105 Xianghong Wang 105 3.1 Development and use of immunoassay to monitor food chemical hazards 105 3.1.1 Chemical hazards in foods 105 3.1.2 Development of immunoassay in the detection of food chemical hazards 107 3.2 Design and synthesis of haptens 108 3.3 Antibody production 112 3.3.1 Elementary knowledge of antibodies 112 3.3.2 Antibody classification 113 3.4 Immunoassay formats 115 3.4.1 Antigen antibody reaction 115 3.4.2 Immunoassay classification 120 3.5 Sample preparation from various matrices 126 3.6 Conclusion 127 References 128 4 Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) an emerging technique for chemical hazard determination 137 Qiliang Deng and Shuo Wang 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers 138 4.2.1 Template molecule 140 4.2.2 Functional monomer 140 4.2.3 Cross-linker monomer 141 4.2.4 Solvents 142 4.2.5 Initiator 143 4.2.6 Polymerization technique 143 4.3 Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction modes 145 4.3.1 Off-line mode 146 4.3.2 On-line mode 147 4.4 Applications of MISPE in food chemical hazard determination 148 4.4.1 Determination of drug residues 148 4.4.2 Determination of pesticides 155 4.4.3 Determination of herbicides 156 4.4.4 Determination of additives 158 4.4.5 Determination of environmental contaminants 161 4.5 Conclusion and outlook 161 References 162 Section III BIOPHOTONICS 173 5 Recent developments in infrared spectroscopy for the detection of food chemical hazards 175 Xiaonan Lu 175 5.1 A brief introduction to infrared spectroscopy and its application in the food industry 175 5.2 Application of IR spectroscopy to detect chemical adulterants in foods 177 5.3 Application of IR spectroscopy to detect mycotoxins in foods 178 5.4 Application of IR spectroscopy to detect pesticides in foods 181 5.5 Application of IR spectroscopy to detect antibiotic residues in foods 181 5.6 Tips for reporting results 182 5.7 Trends in IR instrumentation 184 5.8 Trends in further applications of chemometrics to analyze IR spectra 186 5.9 Conclusion 186 References 186 6 Recent developments in Raman spectroscopy for the detection of food chemical hazards 191 Lili He 191 6.1 Introduction 191 6.1.1 Raman theory 191 6.1.2 Raman instrumentation and data analysis 192 6.1.3 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy 193 6.2 Detection of chemicals in simple solvents 194 6.3 Detection of chemicals in food matrices 196 6.3.1 Detection of small chemical molecules in food matrices 196 6.3.2 Detection of large protein molecules in food matrices 199 6.4 Conclusion and outlook 203 References 204 Section IV NANOTECHNOLOGY 207 7 Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs): applications, risk assessment, and risk management in the agriculture and food sectors 209 Mahmoudreza Ovissipour, Syamaladevi M. Roopesh, Barbara A. Rasco and Shyam S. Sablani 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Naturally occurring nanoparticles 211 7.3 Nanoparticle engineering 213 7.4 Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) 214 7.5 Applications of ENPs in the agriculture and food sectors 216 7.5.1 Applications of ENPs in agriculture 217 7.5.2 Antimicrobial applications of ENPs 223 7.5.3 Applications of encapsulated ENPs in foods 225 7.5.4 Applications of ENPs in food packaging 225 7.6 Nanosensors 227 7.7 Impacts of ENPs on the environment 228 7.8 Risk assessment and risk management of ENPs in food technology 233 7.9 Future trends 235 References 236 8 Nanotechnology and its applications to improve the detection of chemical hazards in foods 249 Mengshi Lin 249 8.1 Introduction 249 8.2 Nanomaterials used in sensors 250 8.3 Chemical hazards in foods 251 8.3.1 Pesticides 251 8.3.2 Veterinary drugs 253 8.3.3 Bisphenol A 255 8.3.4 Melamine 256 8.3.5 Acrylamide 258 8.4 Conclusion 258 References 258 Section V BIOSENSORS 263 9 Microfluidics lab-on-a-chip system for food chemical hazard detection 265 Jie Xu 265 9.1 Microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip 265 9.2 Fluid mechanics at the microscale 266 9.3 Microfabrication technologies 269 9.4 Detection techniques 272 9.5 Representative applications in the detection of chemical hazards in foods 272 9.6 Future perspectives 279 References 280 10 Colorimetric biosensor for food chemical hazards detection 291 Jianlong Wang and H. Susan Zhou 291 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Detection of hazardous chemicals in foods using colorimetric biosensors based on bio-nanomaterials 293 10.2.1 Colorimetric detection of pesticides 295 10.2.2 Colorimetric detection of veterinary drugs 298 10.2.3 Colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions 301 10.2.4 Colorimetric detection of food additives 303 10.2.5 Colorimetric detection of toxins 305 10.2.6 Colorimetric detection of other hazardous chemical contaminants 305 10.3 Conclusion 306 Acknowledgments 307 References 307 Index 315