Physical and Chemical Equilibrium for Chemical Engineers (eBook)

NOEL de NEVERS, PhD, followed five years of working for Chevron with thirty-seven years as a Professor in the Chemical Engineering Department of the University of Utah. His textbooks (and research papers) are in fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and air pollution control engineering. He regularly consults as an expert on explosions, fires, and toxic exposures. In addition to technical work, he has three "de Nevers's Laws" in a Murphy's Laws compilation and won the title "Poet Laureate of Jell-O Salad" in a Salt Lake City competition, with three limericks and a quatrain. He has climbed the Grand Teton, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Whitney, Kala Pattar, and Mt. Kilimanjaro, and is the official discoverer of Private Arch in Arches National Park.

Preface xiii

About the Author xv

Nomenclature xvii

1. Introduction to Equilibrium 1

2. Basic Thermodynamics 13

3. The Simplest Phase Equilibrium Examples and Some Simple Estimating Rules 35

4. Minimization of Gibbs Energy 49

5. Vapor Pressure, the Clapeyron Equation, and Single Pure Chemical Species Phase Equilibrium 61

6. Partial Molar Properties 73

7. Fugacity, Ideal Solutions, Activity, Activity Coefficient 89

8. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) at Low Pressures 107

9. Correlating and Predicting Nonideal VLE 143

10. Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) at High Pressures 167

11. Liquid-Liquid, Liquid-Solid, and Gas-Solid Equilibrium 179

12. Chemical Equilibrium 215

13. Equilibrium in Complex Chemical Reactions 241

14. Equilibrium with Gravity or Centrifugal Force, Osmotic Equilibrium, Equilibrium with Surface Tension 263

15. The Phase Rule 277

16. Equilibrium in Biochemical Reactions 291

Appendix A. Useful Tables and Charts 301

Appendix B. Equilibrium with other Restraints, Other Approaches to Equilibrium 317

Appendix C. The Mathematics of Fugacity, Ideal Solutions Activity and Activity Coefficients 321

Appendix D. Equations of State for Liquids and Solids Well Below their Critical Temperatures 327

Appendix E. Gibbs Energy of Formation Values 333

Appendix F. Calculation of Fugacities from Pressure-Explicit EOSs 337

Appendix G. Thermodynamic Property Derivatives and the Bridgeman Table 345

Appendix H. Answers to Selected Problems 000

Index 349