Infrared Spectroscopy (eBook)

Barbara Stuart, B.Sc. (Sydney), M.Sc. (Sydney), Ph.D. (London), D.I.C., MRACI, MRSC, Cchem After graduating with a B.Sc. degree from the University of Sydney in Australia, Barbara Stuart then worked as a tutor at this university. She also carried out research in the field of biophysical chemistry in the Department of Physical Chemistry and graduated with an M.Sc. in 1990. The author then moved to the UK to carry out doctoral studies in polymer engineering within the Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology at Imperial College (University of London). After obtaining her Ph.D. in 1993, she took up a position as a Lecturer in Physical Chemistry at the University of Greenwich in South East London. Barbara returned to Australia in 1995, joining the staff at the University of Technology, Sydney, where she is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Chemistry, Materials and Forensic Science. She is presently conducting research in the fields of polymer spectroscopy, materials conservation and forensic science. Barbara is the author of three other books published by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, namely Modern Infrared Spectroscopy and Biological Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy, both in the ACOL series of open learning texts, and Polymer Analysis in this current AnTS series of texts.

Series Preface.

Preface.

Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols.

About the Author.

1. Introduction.

1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation.

1.2 Infrared Absorptions.

1.3 Normal Modes of Vibration.

1.4 Complicating Factors.

1.4.1 Overtone and Combination Bands.

1.4.2 Fermi Resonance.

1.4.3 Coupling.

1.4.4 Vibration-Rotation Bands.

References.

2. Experimental Methods.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Dispersive Infrared Spectrometers.

2.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometers.

2.3.1 Michelson Interferometers.

2.3.2 Sources and Detectors.

2.3.3 Fourier-Transformation.

2.3.4 Moving Mirrors.

2.3.5 Signal-Averaging.

2.3.6 Advantages.

2.3.7 Computers.

2.3.8 Spectra.

2.4 Transmission Methods.

2.4.1 Liquids and Solutions.

2.4.2 Solids.

2.4.3 Gases.

2.4.4 Pathlength Calibration.

2.5 Reflectance Methods.

2.5.1 Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectroscopy.

2.5.2 Specular Reflectance Spectroscopy.

2.5.3 Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy.

2.5.4 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.

2.6 Microsampling Methods.

2.7 Chromatography-Infrared Spectroscopy.

2.8 Thermal Analysis-Infrared Spectroscopy.

2.9 Other Techniques.

References.

3. Spectral Analysis.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Group Frequencies.

3.2.1 Mid-Infrared Region.

3.2.2 Near-Infrared Region.

3.2.3 Far-Infrared Region.

3.3 Identification.

3.4 Hydrogen Bonding.

3.5 Spectrum Manipulation.

3.5.1 Baseline Correction.

3.5.2 Smoothing.

3.5.3 Difference Spectra.

3.5.4 Derivatives.

3.5.5 Deconvolution.

3.5.6 Curve-Fitting.

3.6 Concentration.

3.7 Simple Quantitative Analysis.

3.7.1 Analysis of Liquid Samples.

3.7.2 Analysis of Solid Samples.

3.8 Multi-Component Analysis.

3.9 Calibration Methods.

References.

4. Organic Molecules.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons.

4.3 Aromatic Compounds.

4.4 Oxygen-Containing Compounds.

4.4.1 Alcohols and Phenols.

4.4.2 Ethers.

4.4.3 Aldehydes and Ketones.

4.4.4 Esters.

4.4.5 Carboxylic Acids and Anhydrides.

4.5 Nitrogen-Containing Compounds.

4.5.1 Amines.

4.5.2 Amides.

4.6 Halogen-Containing Compounds.

4.7 Heterocyclic Compounds.

4.8 Boron Compounds.

4.9 Silicon Compounds.

4.10 Phosphorus Compounds.

4.11 Sulfur Compounds.

4.12 Near-Infrared Spectra.

4.13 Identification.

References.

5. Inorganic Molecules.

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 General Considerations.

5.3 Normal Modes of Vibration.

5.4 Coordination Compounds.

5.5 Isomerism.

5.6 Metal Carbonyls.

5.7 Organometallic Compounds.

5.8 Minerals.

References.

6. Polymers.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Identification.

6.3 Polymerization.

6.4 Structure.

6.5 Surfaces.

6.6 Degradation.

References.

7. Biological Applications.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Lipids.

7.3 Proteins and Peptides.

7.4 Nucleic Acids.

7.5 Disease Diagnosis.

7.6 Microbial Cells.

7.7 Plants.

7.8 Clinical Chemistry.

References.

8. Industrial and Environmental Applications.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Pharmaceutical Applications.

8.3 Food Science.

8.4 Agricultural Applications.

8.5 Pulp and Paper Industries.

8.6 Paint Industry.

8.7 Environmental Applications.

References.

Responses to Self-Assessment Questions.

Bibliography.

Glossary of Terms.

SI Units and Physical Constants.

Periodic Table.

Index.