Development of the Chlorinity/ Salinity Concept in Oceanography (eBook)

Front Cover 1
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHLORINITY/SALINITY CONCEPT IN OCEANOGRAPHY 4
Copyright Page 5
CONTENTS 12
PREFACE 8
CHAPTER 1. THE VIEWS OF ANTIQUITY ON SALT AND SEA WATER 14
Water analysis prior to Boyle 14
Solution analysis prior to Boyle 24
The late seventeenth century 27
CHAPTER 2. ROBERT BOYLE 30
CHAPTER 3. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE SEA: HALLEY AND MARSILLI 44
Halley 45
Marsilli 47
CHAPTER 4. FOUNDATIONS OF SYSTEMATIC MINERAL AND SEA WATER ANALYSES 52
Gionetti 54
Lavoisier 56
Bergman 60
CHAPTER 5. SEA WATER ANALYSIS AND THE PRECIPITATION METHOD 66
Murray 73
Marcet 82
Usiglio 93
CHAPTER 6. CONSTANT PROPORTIONALITY OF CONSTITUENTS 100
Gay-Lussac 103
Maury 112
CHAPTER 7. THE COEFFICIENT 118
Roux 129
H.M.S. Challenger 131
Dittmar 134
CHAPTER 8. THE EQUATION 148
CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS AND EPILOGUE 164
APPENDICES 178
I (Observations on natural waters suggested by Robert Boyle) 178
II (Sampling devices) 179
III (Specific gravities of sea waters by Alexander Marcet) 181
IV (The silver nitrate test) 192
V (Forchhammer’s analysis schemes) 195
VI (The results of the sea water analyses of Georg Forchhammer) 197
VII (Results of the sea water analyses from the Challenger Expedition by William Dittmar) 202
VIIl (The method used by Hercules Tørnoe) 204
IX (The recommendations of the Joint Panel of the Equation of State of Sea Water, published by UNESCO in 1962) 204
NOTES 206
BIBLIOGRAPHY 222
INDEX 234