World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering September 7 - 12, 2009 Munich, Germany (eBook)

Application study of monitoring microwave coagulation therapy using ultrasonic tissue characterization.- A comparison of two phase measurement techniques for Magnetic Impedance Tomography.- High Concentration Barium Sulfate Used in Gastric Cancer Screening.- Investigations of Artifact «Pseudo-flow» Physical Mechanisms in Ultrasound Dopplerography.- Delay And dispersion correction for simultaneous quantification of perfusion And permeability in the prostate using DCE-MRI with a dual-contrast sequence.- Limits of Accuracy in Assessing Vessel Permeabilities Using Permeability-Surface(PS)-Limited Two-Compartment Models.- Functional MR-Imaging of Human Emotions: Towards Single Subject Diagnosis.- Development and characterization of a widefield imaging system combining fluorescence and reflectance images for the detection of skin and oral cancer.- Estimation of Semi Automatic versus Automatic Choice Methods on Breast Dose.- Approaches to detect Neuronal Currents using a DC-Mechanism by means of Low Field Magnetic Resonance.- Evaluation of Different Tracer Kinetic Models in DCE-MRI of Rectal Cancer.- A study on reference based time intensity curves quantification in DCE-MRI monitoring of rectal cancer.- Imaging Electric Conductivity with MRI.- Metal Artifact Reduction in CBCT Using Forward Projected Reconstruction Information and Mutual Information Realignment.- Comparison of Cardiac MR and 3D Echocardiography Left Ventricular Analysis.- Breast Phantom Design for Dedicated Breast CT and Breast Tomosynthesis.- Comparison of Advanced Iterative Reconstruction Methods for SPECT/CT.- Perfusion Measurements in Micro-CT: Increased Dose Efficiency by Use of HYPR LR Image Reconstruction.- Imaging Properties of Digital Magnification Mammography.- A NEW FAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING USING QUADATIC PHASE SCRAMBLING.- RGB-colored material discrimination for radiography by multi-monochromatic spectroscopy.- Use of Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging and 3D tractography software in mild traumatic brain injury.- Evaluation of energy-subtraction CT images using diffracted monochromatic x rays.- Temporal Resolution Assessment Using a Dedicated Edge Spread Function Approach.- Detection of the Optimal Reconstruction Window for Respiratory-Gated Micro-CT Imaging.- Reproducibility of Dopamine and Serotonin Transporter Binding Measured with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography.- Ultrasound Backscattering Outperforms the Clinically Used Ultrasound Parameters in Discrimination of Osteoporotic-Like Human Trabecular Bone Samples.- Mathematical Based Imaging of Regional Ischemia.- Prospectus: Development of a Compton Camera for Medical Imaging.- Development of a Breast Statistical Phantom Prototype for Mammographic Image Qualification.- In vivo Monitoring by EIT for the Pig’s Bleeding after Liver Injury.- Investigations on Film Digitizers Systems by a Study of Image Quality in Mammography.- A High Output Impedance Current Source for Wideband Bioimpedance Measurements.- Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Human Kidney: “Best Regression” for the Determination of Diffusion Constants.- Development of an Optical Fluorescence Tomography System for Small Animal Imaging.- A Non-Local Means Approach for PET Image Denoising.- Improvement of the Measurement Quality of Radio Imaging Method for Biomedical Application.- Resolving temporal differences of hemodynamic response with event-related spin-Echo BOLD fMRI at 3T: Comparing to gradient-echo BOLD.- Optimising Coherence Properties for Phase Contrast X-Ray Imaging (PCXI) to Reveal Airway Surface Liquid (ASL) as an Airway Health Measure.- Modeling of Multiple Technical Factors Effect on Noise in Computed Tomography.- Evaluation of Breast Tumor Targeting with Radiolabeled F(ab’)2 Fragmant of a New Anti-MUC1 Monoclonal Antibody (PR81) .- On Evaluation of First Call 2000TM.- Investigation of Optimum Grid for Digital Radiography.- A New Method to Improve the Accuracy in EIS Diagnosis.- Micro-CT Performance Testing.- Material Identification from X-ray Images Made by Energy-Differentiation Type X-ray Line Sensor.- Spatially Resolved Automatic Cardiac Rest Phase Determination in Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA).- Image Reconstruction for Optical Fluorescence Tomography Using a Linear Optimization Method.- Evaluation of the Local Speed-of-Sound Estimation for the Correction of Ultrasound Compound Imaging by Speckle Analysis.- Design and Characteristics of a Metamaterial Transmit/Receive Coil Element for 7 Tesla MRI.- High Resolution Chemical Shift Imaging of the Human Brain without Water Suppression at 3T.- Computational Analysis of Simulated Images Generated in Public Health Centers in São Paulo - Brazil.- Do additional x-rays taken by a radiographer during x-ray screening for gastric cancer improve detection?.- Automatic Exposure Control Systems and Current Modulations: Comparison of Different 64-Slice CT Scanners.- Detection of fMRI Activations after Acoustic Stimulation by Correlation Analysis.- Dosimetric and Image Quality Comparison of Different 64-Slice CT Scanners.- Breath-Hold Target Localization with Simultaneous Kilovoltage/Megavoltage Cone-Beam CT and Fast Reconstruction.- Image–Based Dual Energy CT Using Optimized Precorrection Functions: A Practical New Approach to Material Decomposition in the Image Domain.- Pedagogic Tool for Learn-Teaching on Digital Mammography Using Dedicated Software.- Comparison of BOLD-signal magnitude between a 32-channel and a 12-channel head coil.- Multispectral Photoacoustic Coded Excitation using Orthogonal Unipolar Golay Codes.- The Passive Infrared Thermography as Addition to Diagnostics of Diseases in the Head Region of the Horse - First Results.- Comparison of the performance of FCR-Profect systems with different mammographic equipment.- The Research of the Medical Perspective Imaging of Intense Laser Proton Beam.- Reconstruction of mammography x-ray spectrum by using Rayleigh and Compton scattering corrections.- Rayleigh and Compton scattering analysis for PMMA in the mammography energy range.- Detection of Amyloid-?-Plaques by Means of Quantitative Magnetization Transfer.- Resolving anisotropic microstructures and connectivity by means of diffusion weighted MR imaging: towards clinical applicability.- Comparison of clinical protocols of multi-slice CT systems.- The Diagnostic Accuracy of in vivo Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy of Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Preliminary Study in Chinese Patients.- Optimization of Exposure Factors and Image Quality for Computed Radiography.- The availability of diffusion-weighted imaging with the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery method (FLAIR-DWI) with a low-performance MR unit in chronic ischemia disease.- Statistics of digital x-ray image brightness histograms.- Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging - Advanced Contrast Modalities in X-Ray Radiology.- Optimization of Magnification in a VRX CT Scanner.- In-vivo red fluorescent protein tomography.- Computer Aided Diagnosis Tool for the Segmentation and Texture Analysis of Medical Images.- Thermal Imaging as an Aid to the Diagnosis of Pain in Horses – First Results.- Preeclampsia Amplitude-time Characteristics for ?Z/?t Curve.- Electric Impedance Imaging of the Mammary Gland in Circumstances of Skin Abnormality or Damage.- Using Backprojection Algorithm for 3D Image Reconstruction in EIT.- Role of Microwave Imaging for Early Detection of Breast Cancer.- Improvement Thyroid Cancer Early Diagnosis by Using Fractal Dimension Analysis of IR Signature.- Use of CNR as a Metric for Optimisation in Digital Radiology.- Manual Segmentation of Brain Tissue and Multiple Sclerosis Lesions for Texture Analysis.- Laser-driven particle acceleration utilizing nm-thin diamond foils: Improved ion acceleration for cancer therapy, improved electron acceleration and potentially ultra-brilliant X-ray beams for medical diagnostics.- J-Substitution and Filtered Equipotential-Projection Based Hybrid MREIT Reconstruction Algorithm.- Effect of visual image features on neural activities: An fMRI study.- Anisotropic Conductivity Imaging with MREIT Using J-substitution and Hybrid J-substitution Algorithms.- Computerized method for classification between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease by use of texture analysis on brain MRI.- The Use of Digital X-Ray to Monitor Decalcification in Sheep Femora.- Assessment of Iron Concentration by Direct Saturation Imaging (DSI) in a Two- Pool Model of Brain Tissue.- Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with the oral multikinase inhibitor Sorafenib.- Observation of edge-enhancement in digital images obtained with a clinical mammography unit.- Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy at 3T - Evaluation of Metabolic Profile of Human Brain Lesions.- A Monte Carlo Tool for Micro-CT Dose Assessment.- A highly customizable ultrasound research platform for clinical use with a software architecture for 2d-/3d-reconstruction and processing including closed-loop control.- Fiber Architecture Mapping of the Renal Medulla Using Respiratory Triggered Diffusion Tensor Imaging at 3 Tesla.- FMT-XCT: Fluorescence Molecular Tomography and X-Ray CT Reconstruction Using a Priori Information.- High-contrast real-time optoacoustic imaging of subcutaneous blood vessels.- A Semi-automatic Method for SWI Processing.- Partial Volume Correction Methods Based on Measured Lesion-to-Background Ratio in PET-CT Oncological Studies.- Optimization of Combination of Voxel Size and Flip Angle by Visual Evaluation for Renal Magnetic Resonance Angiography without a Contrast Agent.- Labeling of cancer cell with magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging.- Quality Assurance of Diagnostic Monitors.- Local Spectrum measurement system for 5-Aminolaevulinic acid Induced Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence.- The Effects of Irradiation of Diode Laser on Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rabbits.- Software Tool for Recording and Analysis of the Brain Intrinsic Optical Signals.- Pushing the Limit – MRI of the Lung Using Hyperpolarized 3-Helium in Conjunction with Parallel Imaging.- Development of a Sensor Network for Dynamic Boundary Measurement in Neonatal Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT).- Towards Quantitative Flat-Detector CT Using Advanced Scatter Correction.- Image Quality Evaluation for a Robot-Driven C-Arm CT System.- On Limitations of 1D Interpolation-Based Metal Artefact Reduction Approaches – A Comparison of FBP versus MLEM.- PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A BGO AND A GSO PET/CT SCANNER FOR THE NON-PURE POSITRON EMITTER 64Cu.- Non-invasive monitoring of cortical volume alterations in rat brains using a clinical 3T whole body MRI scanner.- Optimizing dynamic breast MRI by utilizing the injection delay for fast scanning.- Design of a new Compton Camera by Monte Carlo method and assessment its important parameters affecting image quality.- Survey of Radiation Dose, Image Quality and Equipment Performance of Mammography Units in Taiwan.- Innovative Method for Objective Evaluations of the Quality of CT Systems.- Development and experimental implementation of new approaches to measure MTF and NPS.- Bar and Point Test Patterns Generated by Dry-Etching for Measurement of High Spatial Resolution in Micro-CT.- Magnetic Resonance Signal Analysis in Inhomogenous Magnetic Fields.- Radiation risk for women in screening mammography examinations in Poland in 2007.- The Influence of the Heel Effect on FD-CT Imaging with Shifted Detectors.- Comparison of few-view CT image reconstruction algorithms by constrained total-variation minimization based on different sampling bases.- Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) Characterization in Resolving Molecular Biomarkers.- An Introduction to the Hardware of Magnetic Particle Imaging.- Computer Simulation in Evaluating the Attenuation Coefficients Influence on Mammography Images Contrast.- Contrast-Medium-Enhanced Digital Mammography: Comparison of Standard vs. High-Energy Spectra for Dual-Energy Temporal Subtraction.- Anisotropic Dynamical Modeling of the Mechanisms of ST and TQ Segment Changes during Subendocardial Ischemia.- Theoretical and clinical aspects of TWIST based 4D time-resolved MR angiography.- Toward Early Detection and Differentiation of Arthritic diseases: Quantification of Haemodynamics Changes in Small Joints.- The effect of receiver coil orientation on the system performance in magnetic induction tomography.- Application of Volterra Series to the Detection of Ultrasound Contrast Agents.- Theoretical limitations of diffusion based optical fluorescence tomography.- Fluorescence Spectroscopy as Tool for Bone Development Monitoring in Newborn Rats.- Absolute quantitation of brain metabolites with respect to the CSF fraction in 1H-MR spectroscopic volumes.- Imaging Alpha Signal Modulation Using an ICA-Based EEG Inverse Approach.- Ultrasound Angular Scatter Imaging: Beam Forming Method.- In vivo 1H-MRS of the rat brain with a clinical 3 T whole-body MR Scanner: Estimation of absolute metabolic concentrations and T2 values.- Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray tube spectra with PENELOPE.- Research on Electrode Impedance Characteristic in Electrical Bioimpedance Measurement.- Experimental Study on Early Detection of Acute Cerebral Ischemic Stroke Using Electrical Impedance Tomography Method.- Computer Assisted Characterization of Lymph Nodes Using Spectral Ultrasound Backscatter and Attenuation Measures.- An ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO CDMAM ANALYSIS USING A NEW PERCEPTUAL ALGORITHM: MS-SSIM???.- Wide Band Frequency Fixed Current Source for BIT and BIA.- Feasibility of Lung Imaging Using Magnetic Induction Tomography.- High frequency photoacoustic microscopy for high resolution imaging.- Comparison of Three Approaches for Timing Optimization of a Dual Layer LSO-APD Small Animal PET Scanner.- Development of a T1 Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Gd2O3 Nanoparticles.- A Novel Application of MRI-Polymer Gel Dosimeter for Measurement of CTDI on X-Ray 64 Slices CT Scanner.- Brain White Matter Pathological Comparison in MS Relapsing-Remitting Patients, Clinically Isolated Syndrome Patients and Normal Subjects Using Quantitative Magnetization Transfer Imaging.- Tidal Volume Monitoring with Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) on COPD Patients. Relationship Between EIT and Diffusion Lung Transfer (DL,CO).- Application of time-gated, intensified CCD camera in the brain imaging system.- The MediPROBE CdTe Based Compact Gamma Camera.- Heterogeneity of Micro- and Macro-conduction in Atrial Pectinate Muscles studied with Cardiac Near Field Measurements and Computer Simulation.- A Laboratory Scanner for Cone Beam Breast Computed Tomography.- The MediSPECT Small Animal CdTe Scanner.- Comparison of Techniques for Speckle Noise Reduction in Breast Ultrasound Images.- Elucidation of intersection distribution in motion vectors from successive echocardiograms and its application for heart disease recognition.- Efficient data acquisition in CT: dual optimal reading.- CT with Dual Optimal Reading: compatibility of the two data sets and interpolation issues.- A new linear algebra based mathematical technique for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy guided biopsy.- Development of a Polarizer and Biocompatible Polarizing Agents for Use in Dynamic Nuclear Polarization DNP-Enhanced NMR and MRI.- HgI2 Flat Panel Radiation Detectors for Medical Imaging Acquisition.- MRE Imaging for Elasticity and Viscosity of Biological Tissues.- A Novel Measurement System for Cardiac Flow Analysis Applied to Phase Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart.- Following Scoliosis Progression in the Spine using Ultrasound Imaging.- Evaluation strategies for determination of left ventricular indices: Pros and Cons of model vs. non-model based quantification software.- Small Angle X-Ray Scattering Signatures for Breast Cancer Detection: Direct Comparison of Synchrotron and Laboratory X-Ray Sources.- Computer–Assisted Risk Analysis and 3-Dimensional Reconstruction Based on Multislice Lung Computer Tomography.- A new string phantom with four independent variables for evaluation of doppler ultrasonography instruments.- 4D velocity measurements in intracranial aneurysms using 3T phase contrast MRI angiography.- Quantification of Myocardial Blood Flow Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Different accelerated Pulse Sequences.- An intuitive vessel viewing system to facilitate blood withdrawal.- Is there a necessity of Standard Uptake Value correction in liver reference level?.- Hyperspectral Imaging of Lipids using Near-infrared Super Continuum Light.- The Effect of Rare Earth Screen on Dose Reduction for Conventional Imaging Procedures.- Local Motion Correction and Influence of Attenuation Correction in Combined Positron Emission and X-Ray Computed Tomography.- 2D-Ultrasound Lacks Accuracy for the Prediction of Radionuclide Ventriculography Ejection Fraction Examinations.- Shorted Waveguide Method for Biological Tissues Dielectric Properties Investigation.- Towards a Quality Assurance Protocol for 2D and 3D Breast X-Ray Imaging Techniques.- Characterization of different types of silicon photomultipliers for PET: A study using optical photon tracking simulations and measurements.- Automatic Histologic Grading for Lobular Carcinoma In Situ.- A Validation Framework for Head-Motion Artifacts in Dental Cone-Beam CT.- Methodological Issues on the Estimation of the MRI-Induced SAR in Tissues in Contact with Implanted Thin Metallic Structures.- Evaluation of wavelet-based methods for denoising ultrasonic echo signals.- Diffusion Weighted ZOOM Imaging in the Lumbar Spine Based on Single-Shot STEAM.- Sensitivity Study of a 3D Electric Impedance Tomography Prostate Probe.- Performance Tests and Preliminary Results of the 3TMR-BrainPET Scanner Installed at the Forschungszentrum Jülich.- EVALUATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGE OBTAINED WITH REX SIMULATOR.- An Image Quality Study of Medipix2 Single Photon Counting Detector Based on Two Kinds of Flat Field Corrections for Breast Computed Tomography Application.- Which Factors Influence MRI In-Stent Lumenvisibility of Coronary In-Stent Stenosis? An In-Vitro Model Investigation.- Design and Construction of Transmission and Reception Circuits for Ultrasound Multi-element Transducers.- Assembly, Calibration and Application of a Hyperspectral Image System for Biomedical Imaging.- Segmental strain and strain rate in homogenous and non-homogenous PVA cardiac phantom.- Focusing Pulsed Electromagnetic Radiation for Therapy and Imaging.- Refinement of Exponents for the Photoelectric Absorption in Dual-Energy CT Applications.- Application of Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography for Analysis of Ventricular Extrasystole Beats.- Comparison of Bayesian MAP Estimation and Kalman Filter Methods in the Solution of Spatio-Temporal Inverse ECG Problem.- Dose and quality of the image in mammography in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.- Medical X-ray tube.- Non-invasive skin oxygenation imaging using a multi-spectral imaging system, Effectiveness of different concentration algorithms applied on human skin.- Finite Element Discretization Strategies for the Inverse Electrocardiographic (ECG) Problem.- Characterization and Detection of Clinically Relevant Microbial Biofilms with Ultrasound Contrast Agents.- 2D/3D registration of freehand SPECT and planar scintigraphy for clinical evaluation of 3D thyroid scintigraphy.- FMDIB: a software tool for fusion of MRI and DHC-SPECT images of Brain.- EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHIC FILMS UTILIZED IN DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY.- Decomposing Subspaces of EEG Channel Space into Potentials of Non-overlapping Distributed Sources.- Computer-Assisted Analysis of Renal Scintigraphy.- Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease Using fMRI Data and Modifications of Random Forests Algorithm.- The phantom for quality evaluations of the nonlinear noise reduction filter in multidetector row computed tomography.- Optimization of Screening Programmes for Breast Cancer.- Diffusion Tensor Imaging and MR-Tractography for Characteristic of Microstructural Integrity of White Matter in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease (PD).- ADC Values and Glutamate/Creatine Ratios in the Brain in Normally Developing Children and in Children with Seizure Disorders: DWI and 1H in-vivo MRS Study.- Microwave Tomographic Imaging System for Extremities Soft Tissues Imaging.- Simultaneous imaging of absorption and scattering in dc diffuse optical tomography.- Evaluation of Two Scatter Corrections Techniques for an Uncollimated Transmission Flood Source.- Imaging Multidrug Resistance in Osteosarcoma: A Pre-clinical Approach Using an Orthotopic Animal Model.- A Rotating Cylinder Phantom for Flow and Tissue Color Doppler Testing.- Adaptive Scanning Control for Cardiac CT Image Reconstruction.- Efficiency of Gd2O2S: Eu Powder Phosphor as X-Ray to Light Converter under Radiographic Imaging Conditions.- Development of Pre-Clinical SPECT for MRI.- Assessment of Image Quality in SPECT Systems via the Implementation of a Novel Flood Source Technique.- Accurate determination of CT PSF with high precision.- Examination of energy subtraction method by using diffracted monochromatic x rays.- Imaging of Cardiac Electrical Sources Using a Novel Spatio-Temporal MAP-based Regularization Method.- Solving the Inverse Problem of Electrocardiography in a Realistic Environment Using a Spatio-Temporal LSQR-Tikhonov Hybrid Regularization Method.- A Kalman Filter with Integrated Tikhonov-Regularization to Solve the Inverse Problem of Electrocardiography.- MIQuaELa, Software for DQE Measuring in DIGITAL Radiography/Mammography.- Performance Analysis of Quantitative Bone Measurement with Spiral CT.- Quantification of uterine peristalis in cine-MR images by block matching and optical flow.- Gradient Coil Design Method for Handy MRI.- A Novel Method for the MTF Determination in PET/CT Scanners.- Regularization of Diffusion MRI Q-Ball Fields for Crossing Fiber Tractography.- For the Quality Control of Mammography, Interpretation of Mammographic Test Results by Using the HVL-kVp Relation.- High-Resolution Raman Tissue Imaging of Rat Myocardial Infarction.- Improved Breast Surface Identification for UWB Microwave Imaging.- Modeling the Point Spread Function of Paired Angle Multiplicative Compounding in Ultrasound.- Analysis of Rat Colonic Mucosal Autofluorescence under Excitation with UV/Violet Light.- Radial Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Using a Shift-and-Add Algorithm.- Who may benefit from a combined review of radiologic and pathologic images of breast diseases?.- Can Anti-Scatter Grids Improve Image Quality in Breast CT.- Detection for demineralization of dental hard tissues using index sequences.- Pulsatile Flow Phantoms for Quality Control of Doppler Ultrasound Imaging.- Study of Pediatric CR Dose Reduction Using Noise Addition Simulations Tools.- Confocal Microscopy Based on Injection of Reflected Irradiation.- A Study of DQE Dependence with Beam Quality, GE Senographe Essential Detector for Mammography.- Quantum X-Ray Imaging with the 2D - Micro Hole and Strip Plate.- Visualization of the Skin Electrodynamic Landscape: Some Phenomenological Features in Norm and Oncopathology.- Assembly for One-dimensional Magnetic Particle Imaging.- Quantification of Fractional Flow Reserve Using Angiographic Image Data.- Temporal Resolution Improvement using PICCS.- Study Lung Tool: A Way to Understand HRTC Lung Parenchyma.- Dual Energy Subtraction Angiography: A Simulation Study Using the Three Material Approach.- Automatic Detection of Breast Masses Using Two-View Mammography.- Probing Development and Molecular Function in Diffusive Living Organisms with Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT).- Studying the Boundary Data Profile of a Practical Phantom for Medical Electrical Impedance Tomography with Different Electrode Geometries.- Bone Density Changes during Adjuvant Aromatase Inhibitor Treatment in Breast Cancer Patients: Single Centre Experience.- Polymer-Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging and Targeted Therapy: Concept, Data, Perspectives.- Network Analysis for Investigating Functional Connectivity in Major Depression Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Images (fMRI) Study.- Hemodynamics Segregation Using Expectation-Maximization Algorithm Initialized by Hierarchical Clustering on MR Dynamic Images from Patients with Unilateral Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis.- Quantifying Brain Atrophy of Multiple System Atrophy of the Cerebellar Type (MSA-C) Using Fractal Dimension Analysis.