National Intellectual Capital (eBook)

Dr. Carol Yeh-Yun Lin is Professor of Business Administration at National Chengchi University in Taiwan. She received her Ph.D. in Human Resource Development from the University of Texas at Austin in 1992. Dr. Lin has published extensively, with over 40 scholarly articles and 60 conference presentations on strategic human resource management, international human resource management, intellectual capital, business ethics, and corporate social responsibility. Her papers have appeared in the International Journal of Human Resource Management, Journal of Business Ethics, Long Range Planning, Health Care Management Review, Journal of Small Business Management, Journal of Psychology, and Journal of Intellectual Capital. Leif Edvinsson, Founding Partner of the consultancy, Universal Networking Intellectual Capital, is the world’s leading expert on Intellectual Capital (IC). As former vice president and the world’s first corporate director of Intellectual Capital at Skandia of Stockholm, Sweden, Edvinsson has been a key contributor to the theory of IC and oversaw the creation of the world's first corporate Intellectual Capital Annual Report. In 1996 he was awarded by both the American Productivity and Quality Center (US) and Business Intelligence (UK) for his pioneering work on IC. Mr. Edvinsson was formerly senior vice president for training and development of S-E Bank, and president and chairman of Consultus AB, a Stockholm-based consulting company. In light of his work in both training and Intellectual Capital, Edvinsson has been a special advisor on service trade to the Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He is also special adviser to the Swedish Cabinet on the effects of the new digital economy, special advisor to the United Nations International Trade Center and is a co-founder of the Swedish Coalition of Service Industries. Mr. Edvinsson holds an MBA from the University of California, Berkeley. He is the author or co-author of numerous publications on IC, including one of the first books on the subject, Intellectual Capital (1997), Corporate Longitude (2002), Leveraging Corporate Knowledge (2004), and Intellectual Capital for Communities (2005). He is a regular speaker before such organizations as the BBC, CIO, Conference Board, Economist, Handelsblatt, Insead, and IMD. Her serves on the Board of Directors of several knowledge-intensive enterprises, including the Swedish Brain Research Foundation and the Center for Molecular Medicine at Karolinska Institute, Stockholm. Since 2000 he has been the Honorary Chairman of the UK-based Henley College, KM Forum. Since 2000, he has been Adjunct Professor of Intellectual Capital at Lund University, and since 2007 Chair Professor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Foreword 6
Foreword 8
Preface 10
Preface 12
Contents 14
Chapter 1: Introduction of National Intellectual Capital 20
Introduction 20
Development of National Intellectual Capital 21
Five Types of Component Capital 22
Expected Contributions 24
Chapter Organization of This Book 25
Chapter 2: Background of National Intellectual Capital 26
Motivation for Writing This Book 26
Current National Intellectual Capital Measurement Models 27
Measurements Proposed by Regional or World Development Organizations 28
The World Bank’s Knowledge Assessment Methodology 28
OECD Measurement Models 29
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Model 29
National Intellectual Capital Models Proposed by Individual Researchers 30
Obstacles to the Measurement of National Intellectual Capital 31
Summary 35
Chapter 3: Methods and National Intellectual Capital Ranking of 40 Countries 36
Proposed National Intellectual Capital Measurement Model 36
Indicator Selection and Validation 37
Validation of NICI40 Measurement Model 40
Methods 40
National Intellectual Capital Indices for 40 Countries 41
Appendix 1 46
Appendix 2 49
Chapter 4: National Intellectual Capital of Five Nordic Countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden) 51
Introduction 51
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 52
Comparison of Capital Components of the Five Nordic Countries 58
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 62
General Descriptive Information on the Five Nordic Countries 65
Summary 78
Chapter 5: National Intellectual Capital of Four Larger Western European Countries (France, Germany, Ireland, UK) 81
Introduction 81
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 82
Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Larger European Countries 86
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 90
General Descriptive Information on the Four Larger European Countries 93
Summary 102
Chapter 6: National Intellectual Capital of Four Smaller Western European Countries (Austria, Belgium, Netherlands, Switzerland) 104
Introduction 104
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 105
Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Smaller European Countries 110
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 113
General Descriptive Information on the Four Smaller European Countries 116
Summary 125
Chapter 7: National Intellectual Capital of Four Southern European Countries (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain) 128
Introduction 128
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 129
Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Southern European Countries 134
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 137
General Descriptive Information on the Four Southern European Countries 140
Summary 151
Chapter 8: National Intellectual Capital of Four East Central European Countries and South Africa (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland,South Africa, Turkey) 153
Introduction 153
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 154
Comparison of Capital Components of the Four East Central European Countries and South Africa 159
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 163
General Descriptive Information on the Four East Central European Countries and South Africa 166
Summary 177
Chapter 9: National Intellectual Capital of Two North American Countries (Canada, USA) 179
Introduction 179
National Intellectual Capital of the Two Countries 181
Comparison of Capital Components of the Two North American Countries 183
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 186
General Descriptive Information on the Two North American Countries 188
Summary 188
Chapter 10: National Intellectual Capital of Four Latin American Countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico) 196
Introduction 196
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 197
Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Latin American Countries 201
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 204
General Descriptive Information on the Four Latin American Countries 205
Summary 208
Chapter 11: National Intellectual Capital of Australia and New Zealand 219
Introduction 219
National Intellectual Capital of Australia and New Zealand 221
Comparison of Capital Components of Australia and New Zealand 223
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 226
General Descriptive Information on Australia and New Zealand 228
Summary 232
Chapter 12: National Intellectual Capital of Three East Asian Countries (Japan, South Korea, Taiwan) 235
Introduction 235
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 236
Comparison of Capital Components of the Three East Asian Countries 240
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 243
General Descriptive Information on the Three East Asian Countries 245
Summary 252
Chapter 13: National Intellectual Capital of Four Southeast Asian Countries (Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) 254
Introduction 254
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 255
Comparison of Capital Components of the Four Southeast Asian Countries 259
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 263
General Descriptive Information on the Four Southeast Asian Countries 266
Summary 266
Chapter 14: National Intellectual Capital of the Four BRIC Countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) 276
Introduction 276
National Intellectual Capital of Each Individual Country 277
Comparison of Capital Components of the Four BRIC Countries 281
Three-Period Progression of National Intellectual Capital Development 285
General Descriptive Information on the Four BRIC Countries 288
Summary 298
Chapter 15: National Intellectual Capital Development: Trajectory from a Poor to a Fast Growth Country 300
Introduction 300
National Intellectual Capital of the Five Poorest Countries 301
National Intellectual Capital of the Five Fastest Growth Countries 305
Comparison of the Poorest and Fastest Growth Countries 308
Trajectory from a Poor to a Fast Growth Country 311
Summary 316
Chapter 16: Dynamic Systems in National Intellectual Capital 318
Ranking Changes of the Five Component Capitals 318
GDP Growth Comparison 326
Intangible Asset Indicators of Various World Organizations 328
Paths for Planned National Intellectual Capital Growth 328
Summary 346
Appendices 347
Appendix 1 348
Appendix 2 350
Appendix 3 352
Appendix 4 354
Appendix 5 356
Appendix 6 358
Chapter 17: Policy Implications and Future Perspectives 360
Introduction 360
Internal and External National Intellectual Capital Issues 361
Policy Implications 364
GDP Implications 364
National Context Implications 365
Currency Effect Implications 366
Effectiveness Implications 366
IC Formula I: Turning Liability into Potential and into Value 367
On-Going National Intellectual Capital Development 367
Promote National Intellectual Capital Creation Routes 367
Encourage Three Types of National Intellectual Capital Growth Patterns 368
Pattern #1: From A to A+ (Capital Score Percentile from 70th to 90th) 369
Pattern #2: A Big Stride (Capital Score Percentile from 50th to 90th) 369
Pattern #3: From Good to Better (Capital Score Percentile from 40th to 60th) 370
Create Intellectual Capital Accelerator 372
Establish an Intellectual Capital Incubator 374
Suggestions for BRIC Countries 374
Limitations and Future Perspectives 380
Conclusion 380
After Note: Looking from Outside 383
References 385
Glossary 396
Author Index 399
Subject Index 401