Aphid Biodiversity under Environmental Change (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
Contributors 9
1 Modelling Population Dynamics of Aphids and Their Natural Enemies 11
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Biological Background 13
1.2.1 Aphid Biology Relevant to Population Dynamics 13
1.2.2 Biology of Natural Enemies Relevant to Aphid Population Dynamics 16
1.2.3 Assessment of the Efficiency of Natural Enemies to Suppress the Abundance of Their Prey 19
1.3 Theory of Aphid Population Dynamics 20
1.3.1 Features of Aphid Population Dynamics that Should Be Incorporated in Models 20
1.3.2 The Metapopulation Model 20
1.3.2.1 Egg-Window Dynamics 21
1.3.2.2 Within-Season Dynamics 22
1.3.2.3 Between-Season Dynamics 24
1.3.2.4 Model Predictions 24
1.4 Predictions 24
References 25
2 Aphids in a Changing World 31
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Empirical Studies on the Behaviour of Aphids 33
2.3 Aphids as Fossils 44
References 47
3 Trends in the Timings of the Start and End of AnnualFlight Periods 51
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Methods 52
3.3 Results 55
3.3.1 Date of First Record in Relation to Winter Temperature 55
3.3.2 Date of First Record in Relation to Year 57
3.3.3 Date of Last Record in Relation to Year 57
3.4 Discussion 59
References 64
4 Consequences of Climate Change for Aphid-Based Multi-trophic Systems 65
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Life History Traits 67
4.2.1 Development Time and Population Dynamics 67
4.2.2 Metabolic Rate, Activity, Longevity and Fecundity 68
4.2.3 Sex Allocation 69
4.2.4 Effects of CO2 Increase on Life History Traits 69
4.3 Endosymbionts 70
4.4 Virus Transmission by Aphids 71
4.5 Changes in the Geographical Distribution of Hosts and Parasitoids 72
4.6 Phenological Synchronisation and Diapause 73
4.7 Conclusions 75
References 76
5 Implications of Climate Change for Cereal Aphidson the Great Plains of North America 79
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 The Region and Its Climate 80
5.3 Agroecosystems 82
5.4 Aphid Populations 84
5.4.1 Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid 85
5.4.2 Russian Wheat Aphid 86
5.4.3 Greenbug 87
5.4.4 Shorter, Warmer Winters 88
5.4.5 Longer, Hotter Summers 88
5.4.6 Drought 90
5.4.7 Virus Transmission 91
5.4.8 Biological Control 92
References 93
6 Implications of Climate Change for Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy), a Disease Vector of Citrus in Florida 100
6.1 Introduction 101
6.2 Floridas Climate 102
6.3 Citrus Production 104
6.4 Climate Change and Brown Citrus Aphid 105
6.4.1 Fall and Winter Populations of BrCA 106
6.4.2 Spring and Summer Populations of BrCA 107
6.4.3 Biological Control of BrCA 110
6.5 Conclusions 111
References 111
7 Ecological Factors Influencing Pea Aphid Outbreaks in the US Pacific Northwest 116
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 The Landscape 119
7.3 Pea Aphid Legume Relationships 119
7.4 Characterizing Outbreaks 123
7.5 History of Outbreaks 125
7.6 Winter Temperatures and Outbreaks 126
7.7 Other Causal Factors 127
7.8 Forecasting Outbreaks 131
7.9 Concluding Remarks 132
References 133
8 Temperature, Seasonal Development and Distributionof Insects with Particular Reference to Aphids 138
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 Thermal Time 140
8.2.1 Aphid Biology 141
8.3 Seasonal Development in Aphids 141
8.3.1 Aphids on Sycamore 141
8.3.2 Aphids on Birch 143
8.3.3 Host Alternating Aphids 145
8.4 Seasonal Development in Predators of Aphids 145
8.5 Distribution of Birch Aphids in Europe 146
8.6 World Wide Distribution of Aphids 147
8.7 Discussion 150
References 153
9 Coccinellids in a Changing World 157
9.1 Introduction 157
9.2 Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) 158
9.3 Main Drivers of Biodiversity Change 160
9.3.1 Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation 160
9.3.2 Climate Change 162
9.3.3 Invasive Species 168
9.3.4 Overexploitation 170
9.3.5 Pollution 171
9.4 Summary 173
References 174
10 Ecological Costs of Alarm Signalling in Aphids 179
10.1 Introduction 180
10.2 Materials and Methods 181
10.2.1 Aphids and Colony Production 181
10.2.2 Experimental Design 182
10.2.3 Statistical Analysis 182
10.3 Results 183
10.4 Discussion 185
References 187
Species Index 190
Subject Index 193