TT Viruses (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Contributors 9
History of Discoveries and Pathogenicity of TT Viruses 11
History of Discoveries 12
Multiple Infections of Three Human Anelloviruses ( TTV, TTMDV, and TTMV) in Humans 17
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations 20
Conclusions 24
References 25
Classification of TTV and Related Viruses ( Anelloviruses) 31
Introduction 31
Identification of TTV and Related Viruses 32
Other Circular Single-Stranded DNA Viruses 35
Phylogenetic and Taxonomic Considerations 36
References 41
TT Viruses in Animals 45
Introduction 46
Methods of Isolating TTV in Animals 48
TTV in Nonhuman Primates 50
TTV in Nonprimate Animals 55
Conclusions 58
References 59
Replication of and Protein Synthesis by TT Viruses 63
Replication of TTV 63
Replication Mechanism 65
RNA Processing of TTV 66
Protein Expression of TTV 69
Functions of TTV Proteins 70
References 71
Immunobiology of the Torque Teno Viruses and Other Anelloviruses 75
Introduction 76
Innate Immunity 77
Adaptive Immune Responses 80
Concluding Remark 95
References 95
Intragenomic Rearrangement in TT Viruses: A Possible Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease 101
Introduction 102
Full-Length TT Viruses 103
Subviral TT Genomes 106
Putative Gene Functions 110
Conclusions 114
References 114
TT Viruses: Oncogenic or Tumor-Suppressive Properties? 119
Introduction 119
TT Virus Infections as Indirect Carcinogens? 120
Tumor-Suppressive Properties of TT Viruses 122
The Target Cell Conditioning Concept Revisited 123
Conclusions 124
References 124
Relationship of Torque Teno Virus to Chicken Anemia Virus 127
Torque Teno Virus 128
Chicken Anemia Virus 133
References 138
Apoptosis-Inducing Proteins in Chicken Anemia Virus and TT Virus 141
Introduction 142
Apoptin Specifically Induces Apoptosis in a Broad Range of Human Tumor Cells 143
Molecular Aspects of Apoptin-Induced Apoptosis 144
Apoptin-Related Proteins in TTV Population: A Flashback 148
The TTV-Derived ORF TAIP Induces Apoptosis in Human Tumor Cells 148
Various Forms of TAIP in the TTV Population 150
Diseases and Therapies 154
Conclusions 156
References 156
Chicken Anemia Virus 161
Introduction 162
Historical Background 163
Characterization of CAV and Virus Replication 164
Pathogenesis 177
Lessons for Anellovirus Infections 185
Conclusions 186
References 186
Geminiviruses 195
Introduction 196
Importance of Geminiviruses 196
Structure and Composition of Virions 198
Genome Structure and Evolution 201
Insect Transmission 206
Tissue Tropism 207
Replication, Recombination, and Repair 208
Transcription 214
Transport Within the Plant 218
Conclusions and Perspectives 225
References 226
Index 237