Handbook on Ontologies (eBook)

Preface 7
Major Changes with Respect to the 1st Edition 7
Overview of the 2nd Edition of the Handbook 8
Conclusion 15
Acknowledgments 16
References 16
Contents 17
What Is an Ontology? 20
1 Introduction 20
2 What is a Conceptualization? 22
3 What is a Proper Formal, Explicit Specification? 26
4 Why is Shared of Importance? 33
5 Discussion 35
References 36
I Ontology Representation Languages 37
Description Logics 38
1 Introduction 38
2 The Expressive Description Logic SHIQ 44
3 Describing Ontologies in SHIQ 47
4 Extensions and Variants of SHIQ 49
5 Reasoning Beyond the Standard Inference Problems 50
6 Conclusion 53
References 54
Ontologies in F-Logic 61
1 Introduction 61
2 F-Logic by Example 63
3 Implementations of F-Logic 80
4 An Industrial Application: Configuration of Test Cars 81
5 F-Logic and the Semantic Web 83
6 Conclusions 84
References 84
Resource Description Framework 87
1 Introduction: Heading for the Semantic Web 87
2 Annotation and Meaning 88
3 RDFS: A Web Ontological Schema Language 91
4 Mismatch between RDF(S) and OWL-DL 97
5 RDFS-FA: Connecting RDF(S) and OWL-DL 100
6 Related Work 102
7 Conclusion 105
References 105
Web Ontology Language: OWL 107
1 Requirements for Ontology Languages 107
2 The OWL Language 111
3 Summary 125
References 126
Ontologies and Rules 127
1 Introduction 127
2 SWRL and DL-Safe Rules 128
3 Rule Fragments of OWL 134
4 Hybrid Approaches 143
5 Conclusions 144
Acknowledgement 145
References 145
II Ontology Engineering 149
Ontology Engineering Methodology 150
1 Introduction 150
2 Implementation and Launch of KM Applications 152
3 Knowledge Meta Process 153
4 Knowledge Process 158
5 Example: Skills Management at Swiss Life 159
6 Related Work on Methodologies 162
7 Conclusion 164
References 164
Ontology Engineering and Evolution in a Distributed World Using DILIGENT 168
1 Introduction and Motivation 168
2 Developing the DILIGENT Ontology Engineering Methodology 171
3 The DILIGENT Methodology 172
4 Applying DILIGENT in Case Studies 184
5 Related Work 187
6 Conclusion 188
References 189
Formal Concept Analysis 192
1 Introduction 192
2 Formal Concept Analysis: A Theory About Concepts and Concept Hierarchies 194
3 Nested Line Diagrams 197
4 Conceptual Scaling 199
5 Iceberg Concept Lattices and Bases of Association Rules 200
6 Knowledge Acquisition with Formal Concept Analysis 203
7 Folksonomies and Triadic Concept Analysis 203
8 Ontology Engineering with Formal Concept Analysis 208
References 209
An Overview of OntoClean* 215
1 Introduction 215
2 The Basic Notions 217
3 An Extended Example 221
4 Conclusion 233
References 234
Ontology Design Patterns 235
1 Introduction 235
2 Types of Ontology Design Patterns 239
3 Towards a Catalogue and Repository of CPs 243
4 Creating and Working with CPs 249
5 Use Case Example in the Music Industry Domain 251
6 Conclusion and Remarks 253
References 254
Ontology Learning 258
1 Introduction 258
2 An Architecture and Process Model for Ontology Learning 259
3 Ontology Learning Algorithms 263
4 Ontology Learning Systems 271
5 Advanced Issues 272
6 Conclusion 275
References 275
Ontology and the Lexicon 281
1 Lexicons and Lexical Knowledge 281
2 Lexical Entries 283
3 Word Senses and the Relationships Between Them 286
4 Lexicons are not (Really) Ontologies 288
5 Lexically Based Ontologies and Ontologically Based Lexicons 295
6 Conclusion 299
Acknowledgements 299
References 299
Ontology Evaluation 305
1 Introduction 305
2 Criteria 306
3 Aspects 309
4 Vocabulary 310
5 Syntax 311
6 Structure 312
7 Semantics 313
8 Representation 315
9 Context 316
10 Other Aspects 318
11 Conclusions 319
Acknowledgements 320
References 320
Ontology Engineering Environments 326
1 Introduction 326
2 Trends of Ontology Engineering Environment 327
3 Factors of an Ontology Engineering Environment 329
4 OntoEdit 330
5 Hozo 333
6 WebODE 335
7 SWOOP 337
8 Prot ´ eg ´ e 339
9 Comparison and Discussion 340
10 Other Environments 344
11 Concluding Remarks 345
References 346
Exploring the Economical Aspects of Ontology Engineering 348
1 Introduction 348
2 Economical Aspects of Information Technology 350
3 Usage of Cost Information During the Life Cycle of an Ontology 352
4 Design of an Ontology Cost Estimation Model 354
5 ONTOCOM: A Cost Model for Ontology Engineering 358
6 Using ONTOCOM 364
7 Conclusions 366
Acknowledgments 367
References 367
III Ontologies 370
Foundational Choices in DOLCE 371
1 Introduction 371
2 Foundational Distinctions 372
3 DOLCE-CORE: The New Basis for DOLCE 382
4 Conclusions 389
References 390
An Ontology for Software 392
1 Introduction 392
2 Background 393
3 Formalization of the Software Domain 394
4 Extensions to the Core Software Ontology 401
5 Proof of Concept 406
6 Related Work 409
7 Conclusion 410
References 410
COMM: A Core Ontology for Multimedia Annotation 412
1 Introduction 412
2 Annotating Multimedia Assets on the Web 413
3 Related Work 416
4 Requirements for Designing a Multimedia Ontology 417
5 Adding Formal Semantics to MPEG-7 418
6 Expressing the Scenario in COMM 425
7 Conclusion and Future Work 428
Acknowledgments 429
References 429
Using the PSL Ontology 431
1 Introduction 431
2 How are Ontologies Used? 432
3 Basic Ontological Distinctions 434
4 Process Descriptions for Atomic Activities 439
5 Process Descriptions for Complex Activities 443
6 Summary 450
References 451
Ontologies for Formal Representation of Biological Systems 452
1 Introduction 452
2 Constructing Hypotheses and Models of Biological Systems 455
3 Ontologies Enable the Creation of a Formal Representation 461
4 Role of the Semantic Web 463
5 Summary 464
References 464
Ontologies for Cultural Heritage 469
1 Introduction 469
2 The Cultural Heritage Domain 470
3 The Schema Integration Problem 473
4 Terminology in Cultural Heritage 482
5 Conclusions 487
References 488
IV Infrastructures for Ontologies 493
RDF Storage and Retrieval Systems 494
1 Introduction 494
2 Architecture of RDF Stores 495
3 Storing RDF Data 496
4 RDF Middleware 500
5 RDF Query Languages 502
6 Scalability of RDF Stores 509
7 Beyond RDF Schema 510
8 Conclusion 511
References 512
Tableau-Based Reasoning 514
1 Introduction 514
2 Deciding the Consistency Problem for ALC Aboxes 517
3 Dealing with Tboxes 526
4 Tableau Structures for Subsumption Problems 530
5 Conclusion 531
References 532
Resolution-Based Reasoning for Ontologies 534
1 Introduction 534
2 Preliminaries 535
3 Deciding Satisfiability of ALCHI by Resolution 539
4 Reasoning by Reduction to Logic Programming 548
5 Conclusion 553
References 553
Ontology Repositories 556
1 Introduction 556
2 From Data Repositories to Ontology Repositories 558
3 Generic Ontology Repository Framework 559
4 Ontology Repositories 562
5 Ontology Repository Management Systems 568
6 Centralized Vs. Decentralized Systems 569
7 Conclusions 574
References 574
Ontology Mapping 577
1 Why Is Ontology Mapping Difficult? 577
2 Discovering Mappings 582
3 Interactive Tools for Specifying Mappings 586
4 Representations of Mappings 588
5 We Have the Mappings: Now What? 589
6 The State of the Art 590
References 592
V Ontology-Based Infrastructure and Methods 595
Ontologies and Software Engineering 596
1 Introduction 596
2 Software Engineering 597
3 Analysis 600
4 Design 604
5 Implementation and Integration 608
6 Maintenance 611
7 Conclusions 613
References 614
Semantic Web Services 619
1 Introduction 619
2 WSMO: An Ontology for Modeling Web Services 620
3 Ontologies in Web Service Descriptions 624
4 Other Frameworks for Semantic Web Service Description 633
5 Conclusions 636
References 637
Ontologies for Machine Learning 639
1 Introduction 639
2 The Machine Learning and Semantic Web Research Landscape 640
3 Ontologies for Text Mining 642
4 Similarities and Kernel Functions for Knowledge Structures 649
5 Link Mining 652
6 Statistical Relational Learning 654
7 Conclusion and Outlook 657
References 657
Information Extraction 664
1 Introduction 664
2 What Is IE? 665
3 IE as a Knowledge-Based NLP Process 670
4 Handling Named Entities 673
5 Term Analysis 675
6 Semantic Typing with Conceptual Hierarchies 676
7 Identification of Ontological Specific Relations 679
8 Discussion 681
References 683
Browsing and Navigation in Semantically Rich Spaces: Experiences with Magpie Applications 687
1 Introduction 687
2 Existing Semantic Web Browsing Applications 689
3 Semantic Web Browsing: Experiences with Magpie 697
4 Future of Semantic Browsing 700
5 Discussion 704
References 707
VI Ontology-Based Applications 710
Ontologies for Knowledge Management 711
1 Information Technology for Knowledge Management 711
2 Requirements for KM Software and Ontologies 715
3 Ontologies in Intelligence-Enhanced Applications 719
4 Ontologies Towards Enhanced Integrated Solutions 726
5 Future Trends 727
References 728
Application of Ontologies in Bioinformatics 733
1 Introduction 733
2 Classifying Uses of Bio-Ontologies 735
3 Case Studies 739
4 Discussion 749
References 750
Semantic Portals for Cultural Heritage 755
1 Benefits of Cultural Semantic Portals 755
2 Content Models for Semantic Cultural Portals 757
3 Cultural Content Creation 763
4 Semantic Portal Services 766
5 Conclusions 771
References 772
Ontology-Based Recommender Systems 777
1 Introduction 777
2 Ontology Use in Recommender Systems 779
3 Case Study: Two Ontological Recommender Systems 782
4 Case Study: Experimentation Results 787
5 Case Study: Conclusions 792
References 793
Author Index 795
Subject Index 797