Broadband Access Networks (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
List of Contributors 16
Part I Introduction and Enabling Technologies 20
The Anatomy of an Access Network 21
Nicholas Gagnon 21
The Evolution Path of Typical Access Networks 21
The Future Is Bright for IP Video 22
Not All the Access Network Connection Are Created Equal 22
Broadband Copper Access Network Using ADSL2+/VDSL2 Technology 24
Fiber-to-the-Home/Building (FTTH/B) Access Network 25
Point-to-Point Ethernet FTTH (Home-Run FTTH) 25
Passive Optical Network (PON) FTTH 26
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)PON FTTH 27
Hybrid Fiber Coax Running DOCSIS Protocol 27
Wireless Access Network 29
Summary 29
References 30
Drivers for Broadband in Europe 31
Evi Zouganeli, Kristin Bugge, Santiago Andres Azcoitia, Juan P. Fernandez Palacios, and Antonio J. Elizondo Armengol Elizondo 31
Introduction 31
Telecom Trends in Europe 32
Decline in Fixed Voice and Growth in Broadband and Mobile Minutes 33
Customers Becoming More Demanding 34
High Rate of Technology Innovation and RollOut 34
Competition Moving from Pure Price-to-Price, Service- and Segment-Specific Offers 35
Drivers for Broadband Services 35
Increasing Bandwidth Demand 38
Broadband Market in Europe 39
Broadband Lines, Penetration, and Growth 39
Broadband by Technology 41
Broadband Offer 43
Competition 44
Broadband Infrastructure -- Evolution and Trends 45
Current Broadband Access Technologies and Architectures 45
Impact of FTTx Deployments on Local Loop Sharing 47
Overview on European Regulatory Framework 48
European Regulation 48
Regulatory Situation in Some European Countries 50
Discussion -- The Impact of Regulation 51
Summary 52
References 53
Enabling Techniques for Broadband Access Networks 54
Ton Koonen 54
Introduction 54
Fiber in the Access Network 55
Fiber-DSL 55
Hybrid Fiber-Coax 56
Fiber-Wireless 57
Fiber to the Home 57
Basic Optical Access Network Components 58
Optical Fiber 58
Optical Power Splitter 61
Wavelength Routing Devices 62
FTTH Network Topologies 64
Point-to-Point 64
Point-to-Multipoint 65
Cost Aspects 65
Multiple Access Techniques for a PON 67
Time Division Multiple Access 67
Subcarrier Multiple Access 69
Optical Code Division Multiple Access 71
Wavelength Division Multiple Access 72
Radio Over Fiber 74
Free-Space Optical Communication 77
Summary 78
References 79
Part II Copper and Wireless Access Networks 80
Vectored DSLs and the Copper PON (CuPON) 81
John M. Cioffi, Sumanth Jagannathan, Mehdi Mohseni, and George Ginis 81
Introduction 82
Vectored-DSM 83
A Vectoring Tutorial 83
Differential Vectoring 85
Full-Vectored Binder Capacity 87
A CuPON for savings on access-network purchases 91
Summary 94
References 94
Enabling Broadband Wireless Technologies 96
Quazi M. Rahman 96
Introduction 96
Modulation: Let's Deal with the Available Spectrum and Make Use of the Limited Power 98
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation 99
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 100
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 102
Coding Techniques: Let's Deal with the Channel 105
Block Codes 106
Convolutional Codes 108
Turbo Coding (TC) 111
Space--Time Coding 112
Coded Modulation Techniques 114
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) 114
Multiple Access Techniques: Let's All Sharethe Same Channel 115
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 116
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 117
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 118
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 119
Combination of OFDM and CDMA Systems 120
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) Protocol 122
Diversity Techniques: Let's Make a Better Use of the Channel 122
Classifications of the Diversity Techniques 123
Classifications of Diversity Combiners 124
Challenges and Research Evidences 125
Summary 128
References 128
WiMAX Networks 132
Abdou R. Ahmed, Xiaofeng Bai, and Abdallah Shami 132
Introduction 133
Scope of the Standard 134
Frequency Bands of Operation 135
Reference Model of the Standard 135
WirelessMAN PHY Specifications 136
MAC Sublayers 138
Point-to-MultiPoint (PMP) WiMAX Networks 140
MAC Frame Structure 140
Service Flow and Connection 144
Service Classification 144
Bandwidth Request and Resource Allocation 145
WiMAX Mesh Mode 146
General Properties of WiMAX Mesh 146
Mesh Network Operations 147
Routing in Mesh Network 152
QoS in Mesh Network 152
Mobility in WiMAX Networks 153
Handovers 153
WiMAX Standards and Mobility 154
WiMAX and Homogeneous Mobility 157
WiMAX and Mobility in Heterogeneous Networks 159
Summary 161
References 162
Part III Optical Access Networks 164
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation for Ethernet Passive Optical Networks 165
Hassan Naser and Hussein T. Mouftah 165
Introduction 165
Data Link Layer Protocols for PON 167
Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP) 168
REPORT Frame Format 171
GATE Frame Format 173
Ranging Process 174
Automatic Device Discovery 175
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithms 176
Class-of-Service Oriented Packet Scheduling (COPS) Algorithm 178
Summary 180
References 180
Quality of Service in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) 182
Ahmad Dhaini and Chadi Assi 182
Introduction 183
IEEE 802.1D Support for Classes of Service 184
CoS Support in EPON 186
Intra-ONU Scheduling 187
Incoming Traffic Handling Operation 187
Existing Solutions and Schemes 187
Intra-ONU Queue Management 189
QoS-Enabled Dynamic Bandwidth AllocationAlgorithms (DBAs) 190
Existing Solutions and Schemes 191
Quality-of-Service Protection and Admission Control in EPON 193
Preliminaries 193
Traffic Characteristics and QoS Requirements 196
Local Admission Control (LAC) 198
Global Admission Control (GAC) 198
Issues and Solutions 199
Admission Control-Enabled Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Scheme (AC-DBA) 200
Performance Evaluation 202
Summary 206
References 207
MultiChannel EPONs 210
Michael P. McGarry and Martin Reisslein 210
Introduction 210
Bandwidth Management for Multichannel EPONs 211
Grant Sizing 212
Grant Scheduling 213
Separate Time and Wavelength Assignment 213
Grant Wavelength Assignment 214
Grant Ordering 214
Combined Time and Wavelength Assignment 215
A Scheduling Theoretic Approach 215
Scheduling Frameworks 217
Scheduling Policies 222
Summary 226
References 228
Long-Reach Optical Access 231
Huan Song, Byoung-Whi Kim, and Biswanath Mukherjee 231
Introduction 231
Research Challenges 233
Signal Power Compensation 234
Optical Source 235
Burst-Mode Receiver 235
Upstream Resource Allocation 236
Demonstrations of LR-PON 236
PLANET SuperPON 236
British Telecom (BT) 237
University College Cork, Ireland 239
Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI), Korea 241
Other Demonstrations 241
Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 242
Summary 245
References 246
Optical Access--Metro Networks 248
Martin Maier 248
Introduction 248
Optical Regional Access Network 250
Stanford University Access Network 251
Metro Access Ring Integrated Network 253
OBS Access--Metro Networks 255
STARGATE 258
Architecture 259
Discovery and Registration 262
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 262
Applications 264
Summary 268
References 269
Signal Processing Techniques for Data Confidentiality in OCDMA Access Networks 271
Yue-Kai Huang, Paul Toliver, and Paul R. Prucnal 271
Introduction 272
Optical Encryption 273
Optical Steganography 277
Phase Scrambling OCDM 280
Multi-code Processing Techniques 285
Summary 288
References 289
Part IV Optical-Wireless Access Networks 291
Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) Networks 292
John E. Mitchell 292
Introduction 292
Basic Technologies 294
Radio-Over-Fiber Application Areas 300
Networking Concepts and Techniques 303
Media Access Schemes 303
Dynamic Capacity Allocation 304
Sharing a Remote Antenna Unit -- WidebandRAU Design 305
Summary 305
References 305
Integration of EPON and WiMAX 310
Gangxiang Shen and Rodney S. Tucker 310
Introduction 310
Literature Survey 311
Integrated Architectures for EPON and WiMAX 312
Independent Architectures 312
Hybrid Architectures 313
Microwave-over-Fiber Architectures 315
Multistage EPON and WiMAX Integration 316
Design and Operation Issues 317
Optimal Passive Optical Network Deployment 318
Packet Forwarding 318
Bandwidth Allocation 320
QoS Support and Mapping 322
Handover Operation 322
Survivability 324
Cooperative Transmission for Broadcast Services 325
Summary 327
References 327
Hybrid Wireless--Optical Broadband Access Network (WOBAN) 330
Suman Sarkar, Pulak Chowdhury, Sudhir Dixit, and Biswanath Mukherjee 330
Introduction 330
WOBAN: A Network for Future 331
Why Is WOBAN a Compelling Solution? 332
Flavors of Converged Architecture 333
Connectivity and Routing 337
Delay-Aware Routing Algorithm (DARA) 339
Capacity and Delay-Aware Routing (CaDAR) 340
GROW-Net Integrated Routing (GIR) 340
Fault Tolerance and Self-Healing 342
Risk-and-Delay Aware Routing Algorithm (RADAR) 342
GROW-Net's Reconfigurable Backhaul 343
Summary 344
References 344
Part V Deployments 346
Point-to-Point FTTx 347
Wolfgang Fischer 347
Introduction 347
Fiber Topology vs. Transmission Scheme 348
Architectural Considerations 349
Deployment Considerations 350
Operational Considerations 352
Traffic Management 352
Security 352
CPE Deployments 353
Trouble-Shooting 353
Power Budget Planning 354
Cost Considerations 354
Capital Cost 354
Operation Cost 355
Open Fiber Access 356
Transmission Technologies 357
Outlook 358
Summary 358
References 359
Broadband Access Networks 360
Klaus Grobe, Jörg-Peter Elbers, and Stephan Neidlinger 360
Broadband Drivers and Network Requirements 361
Broadband Drivers 361
Network Architecture and Requirements 362
Scalable Broadband Access Networks 363
xWDM in Access Networks 364
TDM Add/Drop Multiplexing 365
Layer-2 Packet Aggregation 366
Deployment Case: Telecom Italia 366
Next-Generation Access and Backhaul 368
Migration toward WDM-PON 370
WDM-PON Concepts 371
WDM-PON Analysis 374
WDM-PON Applications 376
Summary 378
References 379
Index 380