Interface Oral Health Science 2009 (eBook)

Preface 5
Commentary to The 1st Tohoku-Forsyth Symposium 7
Contents 9
Shear-stress-sensing and response mechanisms in vascular endothelial cells 23
1 Introduction 23
2 Ca.2+. Signaling of Shear Stress 24
3 P2X4 Channels Mediate Ca.2+. Influx in Response to Shear Stress 24
4 Shear-Stress-Induced ATP Release Via Cell-Surface ATP Synthase 26
5 Vascular Physiological Roles of Ca.2+. Signaling of Shear Stress 26
References 28
Cleft formation and branching morphogenesis of salivary gland: exploration of new functional genes 31
1 Introduction 31
2 Branching Morphogenesis: Embryonic Submandibular Gland Development 33
3 A Strategy to Characterize Molecules Necessary for Branching Morphogenesis 33
4 Laser Microdissection 33
5 T7-SAGE 33
6 The Essential Role of Fibronectin in Branching Morphogenesis 34
7 Other ECM Molecules 35
8 Conclusions 36
References 36
Strategies underlying research in tooth regenerative therapy as a possible model for future organ replacement 38
1 Introduction 38
2 The Strategies Underlying Current Research on Tooth Regenerative Therapy 39
3 The Development of a Novel Bioengineered Organ Germ Method 39
4 Eruption and Structure af a Bioengineered Tooth 40
5 Functional Bioengineered Tooth Replacement In an Adult Oral Environment 41
6 Conclusions 43
References 43
Molecular basis for specification of the vertebrate head field 45
1 Introduction 45
Axis Formation by the Dorsal Organizer 46
3 Region-Specific Induction by the Dorsal Organizer 46
4 Specification of the Head in Mice 46
5 Role of Head Organizer Genes in Head Formation 48
6 Role of FGF Signal Inhibitor in Head Formation 49
References 49
Dental epithelium proliferation and differentiation regulated by ameloblastin 51
1 Ameloblast Differentiation 51
2 Amelogenesis Imperfecta Resulting from Mutation in Enamel Matrix 53
3 Expression of Enamel Matrix During Tooth Development 53
4 Structure of Ameloblastin and Regulatory Mechanism of Proliferation by Ameloblastin 54
References 56
Stress fiber and the mechanical states in a living endothelial cell 58
1 Introduction 58
2 Materials and Methods 59
2.1 Cell Culture 59
2.2 Isolation of Stress Fiber 59
2.3 Evaluation of Preexisting Strain of Stress Fiber 60
2.4 Tensile Test of Stress Fiber 60
3 Results and Discussion 61
References 63
Transient receptor potential channels and mechanobiology 65
1 Classification of Ionic Channels 66
2 Mechanosensitive Channels 66
3 Mechanosensitive Channels 67
References 68
Molecular mechanisms of the response to mechanical stimulation during chondrocyte differentiation 70
1 Introduction 71
2 General Mechanoreaction of Cells 71
3 Differentiation of Chondrocytes 72
4 Mechanobiology of Chondrocytes 73
4.1 Mechanoresponse of Chondrocytes 73
4.2 Mechanotransduction in Chondrocytes 74
5 Summary 75
References 75
Recruitment of masseter motoneurons by spindle Ia inputs and its modulation by leak K.+. channels 77
1 Recruitment of Masseter Motoneurons Caused by Ia Inputs During the Slow-Closing Phase 77
2 Possible involvements of leak K.+. channels, TASK1/3, in IR-ordered recruitment 80
References 82
Implant interface to bone tissue: biomimetic surface functionalization through nanotechnology 84
Introduction 84
2 Bone: A Hybrid Structure of Organic Matrix and Crystalline Hydroxyapatite 85
3 Biomimetic Surface Functionalization 86
Conclusions 87
References 89
Interface affinity between apatites and biological tissues 91
1 Introduction 91
2 New Concept for Biological Adhesion 92
3 Effect of Mg.2+. Ions on Bone Formation 92
4 BMP Modification 94
5 SVVYGLR Modification 95
6 Summary 96
References 96
Biological reactions on titanium surface electrodeposited biofunctional molecules 98
Introduction 98
Immobilization of PEG to metals with electrodeposition 99
Immobilization of biomolecules 102
Conclusions 103
References 103
Effect of Young’s modulus in metallic implants on atrophy and bone remodeling 105
1 Introduction 105
2 Lowering Young’s Modulus of Titanium Alloy Similar to That of Cortical Bone 106
3 Development of Mechanical Endurance of Biomedical Titanium Alloy with Keeping Young’s Modulus Low 109
4 Young’s Modulus and Bone Atrophy 110
5 Young’s Modulus and Bone Remodeling 113
6 Summary 114
References 114
Chemical and physical factors affecting osteoconductivity of octacalcium phosphate bone substitute material 115
1 Introduction 115
2 Activation of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts by OCP 116
3 Effect of Stoichiometry of OCP on Osteoconductivity 117
4 OCP–HA Conversion 118
5 Effect of Mechanical Stress on Osteoconductivity of OCP 120
6 Summary 121
References 121
Effects of zebularine on the apoptosis of 5-fluorouracil via cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in HSC-3 cells 124
1 Introduction 124
2 Results and Conclusions 125
Reference 125
Wnt signaling inhibits cementoblast differentiation 126
1 Introduction 126
2 Results and Discussion 128
References 128
Prevention of necrotic actions of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs) in mice by non-NBPs (clodronate and etidronate) 129
1 Introduction 130
2 Materials and Method 130
3 Summary of Results 130
4 Discussion 131
Interface, implant, regenerated bone and recipient alveolar bone 132
1 Introduction 133
2 Material and Methods 133
3 Results and Discussion 134
4 Conclusions 135
References 135
Activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 at the interface between epithelial cells and fibroblasts from human periodontal li 136
Introduction 136
Materials and methods 137
Results 137
Conclusion 137
References 138
Histomorphometric study of alveolar bone-implant (miniscrew) interface used as an orthodontic anchorage 139
Introduction 139
Histomorphometric Indices of Alveolar Bone Surrounding Miniscrew 140
Cortical Bone Thickness Surrounding Miniscrew 140
Conclusion 140
Mechanical stress modulates bone remodeling signals 142
1 Introduction 143
2 Materials and Methods 143
2.1 Cell Culture 143
2.2 Mechanical Stretch Loading 143
2.3 RNA Isolation and DNA Microarray 143
2.4 Semiquantitative RT-PCR Amplification 144
3 Results and Discussion 144
References 145
Expression analysis of p51/p63 in enamel organ epithelial cells 146
1 Introduction 146
2 Expression Pattern of p51 in emtg-1 to -5 Cells 147
3 Effects of p51 Knockdown on emtg-2 Cells 147
Functions of p51 in Tooth Development 147
References 148
Osteogenesis by gradually expanding the interface between bone surface and periosteum: preliminary analysis of the use of nov 149
References 150
Possible role of Ccn family members during osteoblast differentiation 151
References 152
Inhibition of oral fibroblast growth and function by N-acetyl cysteine 153
1 Introduction 153
2 Effects of NAC on Growth and Function of Oral Fibroblasts 154
Discussion 155
References 155
Computer simulation of orthodontic tooth movement using FE analysis 156
Mechanical-stress-induced apoptosis and angiogenesis in periodontal tissue 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Osteoblast Apoptosis by Continuous/Compressive Force 159
3 Continuous Compressive Force Increased the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in PDL Cells 159
4 Conclusion 160
References 160
Diachronic changes of tooth wear in the deciduous dentition of the Japanese 161
1 Introduction 161
2 Materials and Methods 161
3 Results and Discussion 162
References 162
Dental occlusal deformation analysis of porcine mandibular periodontium using digital image correlation method 163
Introduction 163
2 Summary 164
Measurement of the transmitted-light through human upper incisors 166
1 Introduction 166
2 Materials and Methods 167
3 Results 167
4 Discussion and Conclusion 167
References 167
Three-dimensional finite element analysis of overload-induced alveolar bone resorption around dental implants 168
1 Introduction 168
2 Materials and Methods 169
3 Results and Conclusions 169
Reference 170
Regulation of microrna expression by bone morphogenetic protein-2 171
1 Regulation of miRNA Expression by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (Bmp)-2 171
2 Regulation of the miRNA Processing Pathway by BMP-2 172
References 172
Influence of early progressive loading on implants placed into extraction sockets 174
In vitro gene transfection of human stromal cell derived factor-1.a. and its expression in rat myoblasts 176
Biomarker identification in oral cancer by using proteomics 180
1 Introduction 180
References 181
In vivo analysis of the 3-D force on implants supporting fixed prostheses 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Measurement of 3-D Load on Implants 183
3 Effects of Splinting the Superstructures on the Loads 183
4 Clinical Implication 183
5 Conclusions 184
References 184
Gap junctional communication regulates salivary gland morphogenesis 185
1 Introduction 185
2 Materials and Methods 186
Results and Discussion 186
References 186
Pulpal blood flow in human permanent teeth with different root formation 187
1 Introduction 187
2 Materials and Methods 188
3 Results 188
4 Discussion and Conclusion 188
References 188
Immunohistological study on stro-1 in developing rat dental tissues with light and electron microscopy 190
1 Introduction 190
2 Materials and Methods 190
3 Results 191
4 Conclusion 191
References 191
The physiological calcification process is replicated in a rat embryonic calvarial culture 192
1 Introduction 192
2 Materials and Methods 193
3 Results 193
4 Conclusion 193
References 193
Tonometric measurement of the gingiva in young and elder humans 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Materials and Methods 195
Results 195
4 Discussion and Conclusion 195
References 196
Isolation and comparison of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human wisdom tooth germs and periodontal ligament in vitro 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Materials and Methods 198
3 Results 198
4 Discussion 198
References 199
Unitary discharges of TMJ mechanosensitive neurons during cortically induced jaw movement 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Methods 201
3 Response Properties of TMJ Units 201
4 Neuronal Activities of TMJ Neurons During Cortically Induced Jaw Movement 201
References 202
Evaluation of bone metabolism of temporomandibular joint by using high resolution PET scanner 203
1 Introduction 203
2 Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Metabolic Activity by Using PET Scanner 204
3 Bone Metabolic Activity in TMJ Induced by Tooth Support Loss 204
Reference 205
Physiological role of type ii bone morphogenetic protein receptor and its interacting molecules in bone morphogenetic protein 206
1 Introduction 207
2 Regulation of Smad Signaling 207
3 Regulation of Non-Smad Signaling 207
References 207
Role of the protein serine/threonine phosphatase dullard in cell differentiation 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Function of Dullard 210
3 Regulation of Dullard 210
References 210
The role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 signaling pathway in neurons 212
1 Introduction 212
2 ERK5 Pathway 213
3 Neuronal Survival 213
References 213
Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-mediated signaling by tumor necrosis factor-.a 215
1 Introduction 215
2 Regulation of Genes Encoding BMP2 and BMPRs 216
3 Regulation of the Gene Encoding Inhibitory Smad 216
References 216
Mechanosensitive TRP channels in osteoblasts 218
1 Introduction 218
2 Mechanosensitive TRP Channels 219
3 Expression Pattern of TRPs in the Osteoblastic Cells 219
References 219
Immunohistochemical localization of CD134 ligand, CD137 ligand, GITR ligand, and BAFF in Sjögren’s syndrome-like autoimmune sia 220
1 Introduction 220
2 Materials and Methods 221
3 Results and Discussion 221
Expression of microrna during tooth development 223
1 Introduction 223
2 Materials and Methods 224
3 Results and Discussion 224
References 224
New quantitative fluorometry for evaluating oral bacterial adhesion to biomaterials 226
1 Introduction 226
2 The Non-RI Quantitative Method using Alamar Blue.® 227
Conclusion 227
References 227
Analgesic effects of NOD1 and NOD2 agonists 228
References 230
Porphyromonas gingivalis.-induced alveolar bone loss in interleukin-18 transgenic mice 231
1 Introduction 232
2 Materials and Methods 232
3 Results and Discussion 232
References 233
Anaphylaxis-like shock induced by LPS plus antineutrophil monoclonal antibodies in mice 234
Concentrations of metal ions in murine nickel allergy and its cross-reactions: effects of lipopolysaccharide 236
Reference 237
Muramyldipeptide augments the actions of LPS via multiple fashions in mice 238
1 Introduction 239
2 Materials and Methods 239
3 Results and Discussion 239
References 240
Isolation and identification of viable bacteria within acrylic resin denture bases 241
1 Introduction 241
2 Detection of Viable Bacteria within Acrylic Resin Denture Bases 242
3 Identification of Bacteria Isolated within Denture Bases 242
Clinical Implication of Acrylic Resin Denture 242
References 242
Bactericidal effect of photodynamic therapy 243
References 244
Induction of Tregs from PBMC by interacting with immunosuppressive molecule B7-H3 on oral mesenchymal stem cells 245
Introduction 245
2 Materials and Methods 246
3 Results and Discussion 246
4 Conclusion 246
References 247
A method for determining the profiles of biomass volume and glucan within dental plaque 248
1 Introduction 248
2 Materials and Methods 248
3 Results and Discussion 249
References 250
Porphyromonas gingivalis. is widely distributed in subgingival plaque biofilm of elderly subjects 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Relationship Between Periodontal Status and .P. gingivalis. in Subgingival Plaque Biofilm of Elderly Subjects 252
3 Inhabitation of .P. gingivalis. in Subgingival Plaque of Elderly Subjects 252
4 Clinical Implication 252
References 253
Profiling of dental plaque microflora on root caries lesions and the protein-degrading activity of these bacteria 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Predominant Bacteria in Plaque on Root Caries 255
3 Protein-Degrading Bacteria in Plaque on Root Caries 255
4 Conclusions 255
References 255
Characterization of glucosyltransferases synthesizing (1.6)-.a.-.d.-glucan from .Streptococcus sobrinus. and .Streptococcus do 256
1 Introduction 256
2 Experiments 257
2.1 Purification and Properties of GTF-T 257
3 Molecular Properties of GTF-T 257
4 Linkage Analysis of Glucans Synthesized by GTF-T 257
5 Conclusion 257
References 258
Profiling of dental plaque biofilm on first molars with orthodontic bands and brackets 259
1 Introduction 259
2 Profiling of Plaque Biofilm on Orthodontic Appliances 260
3 Clinical Implication 260
References 260
Hydrogen-sulfide production from various substrates by oral .Veillonella. and effects of lactate on the production 261
1 Introduction 261
2 H.2.S Production from Various Sulfur Compounds and Effects of Lactate on H.2.S Production 262
References 262
Denture plaque removal efficacy of denture cleansing device utilizing radical disinfection ability of activated low concentrati 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Materials and Methods 264
3 Results 264
4 Discussion 264
References 265
Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human cadaver trigeminal ganglia 266
1 Introduction 266
2 Methods 267
3 Results and Discussion 267
Reference 267
Transmitted laser beam power of the resin washed by experimental washing machine for dentures 268
The evaluation of the dental disinfection device with low concentration of H.2.O.2. and laser diode 270
1 Introduction 270
2 Materials and Methods 271
3 Results 271
4 Discussion 271
References 272
Rapid identification of HACEK group bacteria using 16S rRNA gene PCR-RFLP 273
Reference 275
A novel aspartate-specific dipeptidylpeptidase produced from .Porphyromonas endodontalis 276
Reference 277
Short-term effect of single NaF-mouthrinse on glucose-induced pH fall in dental plaque 278
1 Introduction 278
2 NaF-Mouthrinse Inhibits Plaque Acid Production 279
3 Fluoride Retained within Dental Plaque Can Inhibit Plaque Acid Production in Acidic Environment 279
References 279
Short-time effect of fluoride on acid production by .Streptococcus mutans 280
1 Introduction 280
2 Short-Time Fluoride Exposure Inhibits pH Fall by .Streptococcus mutans 281
3 Conclusion 281
References 281
Real-time PCR analysis of cariogenic bacteria in supragingival plaque biofilm microflora on caries lesions of children 282
1 Introduction 283
2 Relationship Between the Status of Dental Caries and .S. mutans. in Supragingival Plaque 283
References 283
Involvement of cough reflex impairment and silent aspiration of oral bacteria in postoperative pneumonia: a model of aspirat 284
1 Introduction 285
2 Relationship Between Involvement of Cough Reflex Impairment and Silent Aspiration of Oral Bacteria 285
Reference 285
The production of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor from gingival epithelial cells in response to .Porphyromonas gingival 286
Reference 287
Analysis of antigen incorporating and processing cells in sublingal immunotherapy 288
Acoustic mineral density measurement to evaluate clinical demineralized lesions 290
1 Objective 290
2 Methods 291
3 Results and Discussions 291
Experimental Ti–Ag alloys inhibit biofilm formation 293
1 Introduction 293
2 Biofilm Inhibition: An Additional Characteristic of Ti–Ag Alloys 294
3 Conclusion 294
References 295
Apatite formation from octacalcium phosphate with fluoride 296
1 Introduction 296
2 Hydrolysis of OCP with Fluoride 297
3 The character of the Hydrolyzed Product 297
References 297
Effect of topography of the octacalcium phosphate granule surfaces on its bone regenerative property 298
1 Introduction 299
2 Characterization of OCP Granules and Implant Procedure 299
3 Effect of Surface Topography for the Osteogenic Capability of OCP Granules 299
References 300
The influence of sericin solution on wettability and antifungal effect of resin surface 301
1 Background 301
2 Material and Methods 302
3 Results and Discussion 302
4 Conclusions 303
Adhesives and resin composites as functional units 304
1 Introduction 304
2 Shear Bond Strength to Dentin 305
3 Marginal Gap Width and Polymerization Contraction Stress 305
4 Conclusions 306
References 306
Effects of bisphosphonates on bone marrow stromal cells 307
1 Introduction 307
2 Bisphosphonate Zoledronate 308
3 Bisphosphonate Clodronate 308
4 Bisphosphonates (Alendronate, Risedronate, or Zoledronate) 308
References 309
Tooth shape reconstruction from dental micro CT images 310
1 Introduction 310
2 Materials and Methods 311
3 Results 311
4 Discussion and Conclusion 311
Formation of hydroxyapatite film on tooth using powder-jet-deposition 312
1 Introduction 312
Materials and Methods 313
Results 313
Discussions 313
Conclusions 314
Reference 314
Electrodeposition of apatite onto titanium substrates under pulse current 315
1 Introduction 315
2 Electrodeposition of Apatite onto Ti Substrates 316
3 Structure of Apatite Electrodeposited on Ti Substrates 316
4 Adhesion Between Apatite and Ti Substrates 316
Alginate/octacalcium phosphate composites enhance bone formation in critical-sized mouse calvaria defects 318
1 Introduction 318
2 Materials and Methods 319
2.1 Preparation and Characterization of Alg/OCP Composites 319
2.2 Cell Culture and Assay of Cell Proliferation in the Alg/OCP Disks 319
2.3 Implantation Procedure 319
3 Results and Discussions 319
References 320
Strength of porcelain fused to Ti-20%Ag alloy made by CAD/CAM 321
1 Introduction 321
References 322
Effect of various solutions to exudation of internal fluids from dentinal tubules 323
1 Introduction 323
2 Materials and Methods 324
3 Results 324
4 Discussion and Conclusion 324
Reference 324
Evaluation of retentive force of .b.-type Ti–6Mo–4Sn alloy wire to apply for the abutment tooth of removable partial denture 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Materials and Methods 326
3 Results 326
4 Discussion 326
5 Conclusions 326
References 327
Medical application of magnesium and its alloys as degradable biomaterials 328
1 Introduction 329
2 Biodegradation of Magnesium Alloys 329
3 Biocompatibility of Magnesium 329
4 Medical Application of Magnesium Alloys 329
References 330
Difference between age generation of oral health examination in a rural town 332
1 Introduction 333
2 Aim 333
3 Methods 333
4 Result 333
5 Conclusion 333
Reference 334
Impact of oral health status on healthy life expectancy in community-dwelling population: The AGES Project cohort study 335
1 Introduction 336
2 Methods 336
3 Results 336
4 Conclusion 336
References 337
Wireless magnetic motion capture system for medical use 338
1 Introduction 339
2 System Setup and Position Detection 339
3 Conclusion 339
References 339
Evaluation of the optimal time of the dental treatment for the elderly 341
1 Introduction 342
2 Materials and Methods 342
3 Results and Discussion 342
4 Conclusions 343
References 343
Educational effect on tooth preparation of visual feedback using computer graphics 344
1 Introduction 344
2 Research Projects 344
3 Conclusion 345
References 345
Japanese men OSAHS patient’s anatomical features 346
1 Introduction 346
2 Material and method 347
3 Results and discussion 348
Reference 349
Association between periodontal disease and risk for atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients 350
1 Introduction 350
2 Materials and Methods 351
3 Results 351
4 Discussion 351
References 352
Leading a patient to a dental office: the evaluation of pain and stress during the dental treatment using an air-pad sensor sy 353
1 Purpose 353
2 Materials and methods 354
3 Results 354
Conclusion 354
Reference 354
Can symptom awareness of the elderly be a clue to find oral diseases and promote oral health behaviors? 355
1 Introduction 356
2 Symptom awareness 356
3 Relationship between symptoms and oral diseases 356
4 Relationship between those symptoms and oral health behaviors 356
5 Conclusions 356
References 357
The study of mandibular position applied to oral appliance for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 358
1 Introduction 358
2 Recordings of GG activity at predetermined mandibular position 358
3 Relationship between GG activity and mandibular position 359
Prediction of future number of remaining teeth of Japanese elderly, based on data from the national survey of dental diseases i 360
1 Introduction 360
2 Materials and methods 361
3 Results and discussion 361
National survey on the school-based fluoride mouth rinsing program in Japan: proposition regarding final assessment of Healthy 362
1 Introduction 363
2 Methods 363
3 Results and discussion 363
A new intra-oral pressure monitor for screening swallowing dysfunction 365
1 Introduction 365
2 Relation between positive and negative intra-oral pressure 366
3 Monitoring the developing process of swallowing 366
4 Need for screening device in general health check-up 366
5 Conclusion 366
A numerical simulation method for dental occlusion with forces applied to the tooth in mandible 367
1 Introduction 367
2 Numerical method and results 368
Reference 368
Osteopontin and CSF-1 in bone resorption 370
1 Introduction 370
2 Osteopontin and bone resorption 371
3 Osteopontin receptors 371
4 CSF-1 in tumor cells 372
5 Conclusion 373
References 373
Role of amelogenin self-assembly in protein-mediated dental enamel formation 376
1 Introduction 377
2 Primary sequence and properties of amelogenin 377
3 Self-assembly of amelogenin 377
4 Regulation of calcium phosphate crystal growth and organization by amelogenins 379
5 Conclusions 380
References 380
The human genetics of amelogenesis imperfecta 382
1 Introduction 382
2 The genetics of amelogenesis imperfecta 383
2.1 AMELX. (MIM 300391) 383
2.2 ENAM. (MIM 606585) 384
2.3 AMBN. (MIM 601259) 384
2.4 MMP20. (MIM 604629) 384
2.5 KLK4. (MIM 603767) 385
2.6 FAM83H. (MIM 611927) 385
2.7 DLX3. (MIM 600525) 386
2.8 CNNM4. (MIM 607805) 386
3 Summary 386
References 387
Porphyromonas gingivalis.: surface polysaccharides as virulence determinants 389
1 Introduction 389
2 Exopolysaccharide and lipopolysaccharides 390
3 K-antigen capsule 391
4 Regulation of surface polysaccharide expression 392
References 393
Building the genomic base-layer of the oral “omic” world 395
1 Introduction 395
References 399
Cariogenic microflora and the immune response 401
1 Introduction 401
2 Natural History of Mutans Streptococcal Infection 402
3 Ontogeny of Mucosal Immunity on the Oral Cavity 402
4 Active and Passive Vaccines Against Dental Caries 404
References 405
Porphyromonas gingivalis. infection elicits immune-mediated RANKL-dependent periodontal bone loss in rats 407
1 Introduction 407
2 Results 408
3 Conclusion 408
Reference 408
Is RANKL shedding involved in immune cell-mediated osteoclastogenesis? 410
1 Introduction 410
2 RANKL shedding 411
3 Conclusion 411
References 412
Possible IgG transportation mechanism mediated by neonatal Fc receptor expressed in gingival epithelial cells 413
1 Introduction 413
2 Approaches 414
3 Results 414
4 Conclusion 415
References 415
Effects of extracellular adenosine on sRANKL production from activated T cells 416
1 Introduction 416
2 Methods 417
2.1 Reagents 417
2.2 T lymphocyte stimulation assay 417
3 Results 418
4 Conclusion 418
References 419
Activation of the critical enamel protease kallikrein-4 420
1 Introduction 420
2 Activation of kallikreins 420
3 Activation of KLK4 by matrix metalloproteinase-20 421
4 Activation of KLK4 by dipeptidyl peptidase I 421
5 Conclusions 421
References 422
Epitopes shared among pioneer oral flora and .Streptococcus mutans. GbpB 423
1 Narrative 423
References 424
Inhibitory effect of porcine amelogenins on spontaneous mineralization 425
1 Introduction 425
2 Methods 426
3 Results and discussion 426
References 427
A stress-based mechanism to explain dental fluorosis 428
1 Introduction 428
2 ER stress and the unfolded protein response 429
3 Fluoride activates the UPR 429
4 Conclusions 429
References 429