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Acquiring Images Human Reliance on Images for Information Video Cameras CCD Cameras Camera Artifacts and Limitations Color Cameras Camera Resolution CMOS Cameras Focusing Electronics and Bandwidth Limitations Pixels Gray-Scale Resolution Noise High-Depth Images Color Imaging Digital Camera Limitations Color Spaces Color Correction Color Displays Image Types Range Imaging Multiple Images Stereoscopy Imaging Requirements Human Vision What We See and Why Recognition Technical Specs Acuity What the Eye Tells the Brain Spatial Comparisons Local to Global Hierarchies It's About Time The Third Dimension How versus What Seeing What Isn't There, and Vice Versa Image Compression A World of Light Size Matters Shape (Whatever That Means) Context Arrangements Must be Made Seeing is Believing So, in Conclusion Printing and Storage Printing Dots on Paper Color Printing Printing Hardware Film Recorders Other Presentation Tools File Storage Storage Media Magnetic Recording Databases for Images Browsing and Thumbnails Lossless Coding Reduced Color Palettes JPEG Compression Wavelet Compression Fractal Compression Digital Movies Correcting Image Defects Contrast Expansion Noisy Images Neighborhood Averaging Neighborhood Ranking Other Neighborhood Noise-Reduction Methods Defect Removal, Maximum Entropy, and Maximum Likelihood Nonuniform Illumination Fitting a Background Function Rank Leveling Color Images Nonplanar Views Computer Graphics Geometrical Distortion Alignment Interpolation Morphing Image Enhancement (Processing in the Spatial Domain) Contrast Manipulation Histogram Equalization Laplacian Derivatives Finding Edges Rank Operations Texture Fractal Analysis Implementation Notes Image Math Subtracting Images Multiplication and Division Principal Components Analysis Other Image Combinations Processing Images in Frequency Space What Frequency Space is All About The Fourier Transform Fourier Transforms of Real Functions Frequencies and Orientations Preferred Orientation Texture and Fractals Isolating Periodic Noise Selective Masks and Filters Selection of Periodic Information Convolution Deconvolution Noise and Weiner Deconvolution Template Matching and Correlation Autocorrelation Segmentation and Thresholding Thresholding Automatic Settings Multiband Images Two-Dimensional Thresholds Multiband Thresholding Thresholding from Texture Multiple Thresholding Criteria Textural Orientation Region Boundaries Selective Histograms Boundary Lines Contours Image Representation Other Segmentation Methods The General Classification Problem Processing Binary Images Boolean Operations Combining Boolean Operations Masks From Pixels to Features Boolean Logic with Features Selecting Features by Location Double Thresholding Erosion and Dilation Opening and Closing Isotropy Measurements Using Erosion and Dilation Extension to Gray-Scale Images Morphology Neighborhood Parameters Examples of Use Euclidian Distance Map Watershed Segmentation Ultimate Eroded Points Skeletonization Boundary Lines and Thickening Combining Skeleton and EDM Global Image Measurements Global Measurements and Stereology Surface Area ASTM Grain Size Multiple Types of Surfaces Length Sampling Strategies Determining Number Curvature, Connectivity, and the Disector Anisotropy and Gradients Size Distributions Classical Stereology (Unfolding) Feature-Specific Measurements Brightness Measurements Determining Location Orientation Neighbor Relationships Alignment Counting Features Special Counting Procedures Feature Size Circles and Ellipses Caliper Dimensions Perimeter Describing Shape Fractal Dimension Harmonic Analysis Topology Three-Dimensional Measurements Feature Recognition and Classification Template Matching and Cross-Section Parametric Description Decision Points Multidimensional Classification Learning Systems kNN and Cluster Analysis Expert Systems Neural Networks Syntactical Models Tomographic Imaging Volume Imaging vs. Sections Basics of Reconstruction Algebraic Reconstruction Methods Maximum Entropy Defects in Reconstructed Images Beam Hardening Imaging Geometries Three-Dimensional Tomography High-Resolution Tomography 3-D Image Visualization Sources of 3-D Data Serial Sections Optical Sectioning Sequential Removal Stereo Measurement 3-D Data Sets Slicing the Data Set Arbitrary Section Planes The Use of Color Volumetric Display Stereo Viewing Special Display Hardware Ray Tracing Reflection Surfaces Multi-Ply Connected Surfaces Image Processing in 3-D Measurements on 3-D Images Imaging Surfaces Producing Surfaces Devices that Image Surfaces by Physical Contact Noncontacting Measurements Microscopy of Surfaces Surface Composition Imaging Processing of Range Images Processing of Composition Maps Data Presentation and Visualization Rendering and Visualization Analysis of Surface Data Profile Measurements The Birmingham Measurement Suite Topographic Analysis and Fractal Dimensions References Index