Aerosol Measurement

PRAMOD KULKARNI DSc, is a Physical Scientist, Senior Service Fellow, at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Environmental Engineering and Science Program at the University of Cincinnati. The late PAUL A. BARON PhD, was a Physical Scientist at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. KLAUS WILLEKE PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Environmental Health at the University of Cincinnati.

Preface xi

Contributors xiii

Part I Principles

1 Introduction to Aerosol Characterization 3
Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke

2 Fundamentals of Single Particle Transport 15
Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, and Klaus Willeke

3 Physical and Chemical Processes in Aerosol Systems 31
William C. Hinds

4 Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols 41
Walter John

5 An Approach to Performing Aerosol Measurements 55
Pramod Kulkarni and Paul A. Baron

Part II Techniques

6 Aerosol Transport in Sampling Lines and Inlets 69
John E. Brockmann

7 Sampling and Analysis Using Filters 107
Peter C. Raynor, David Leith, K. W. Lee, and R. Mukund

8 Sampling and Measurement Using Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Techniques 129
Virgil A. Marple and Bernard A. Olson

9 Methods for Chemical Analysis of Atmospheric Aerosols 153
Paul A. Solomon, Matthew P. Fraser, and Pierre Herckes

10 Microscopy and Microanalysis of Individual Collected Particles 179
Robert A. Fletcher, Nicholas W. M. Ritchie, Ian M. Anderson, and John A. Small

11 Real-Time Particle Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 233
Anthony S. Wexler and Murray V. Johnston

12 Semi-Continuous Mass Measurement 255
Ernest Weingartner, Heinz Burtscher, Christoph Hüglin, and Kensei Ehara

13 Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications 269
Christopher M. Sorensen, Josef Gebhart, Timothy J. O’Hern, and Daniel J. Rader

14 Real-Time Techniques for Aerodynamic Size Measurement 313
Paul A. Baron, Malay K. Mazumder, Yung-Sung Cheng, and Thomas M. Peters

15 Electrical Mobility Methods for Submicrometer Particle Characterization 339
Richard C. Flagan

16 Instruments and Samplers Based on Diffusional Separation 365
Yung-Sung Cheng

17 Condensation Particle Counters 381
Yung-Sung Cheng

18 Instruments Based on Electrical Detection of Aerosols 393
Suresh Dhaniyala, Martin Fierz, Jorma Keskinen, and Marko Marjamäki

19 Electrodynamic Levitation of Particles 417
E. James Davis

20 Fundamentals of Cone-Jet Electrospray 435
Alessandro Gomez and Weiwei Deng

21 Calibration of Aerosol Instruments 449
Bean T. Chen, Robert A. Fletcher, and Yung-Sung Cheng

22 Size Distribution Data Analysis and Presentation 479
Gurumurthy Ramachandran and Douglas W. Cooper

Part III Applications

23 Nonspherical Particle Measurement: Shape Factor, Fractals, and Fibers 509
Pramod Kulkarni, Paul A. Baron, Christopher M. Sorensen, and Martin Harper

24 Biological Particle Sampling 549
Tiina Reponen, Klaus Willeke, Sergey Grinshpun, and Aino Nevalainen

25 Workplace Aerosol Measurement 571
Jon C. Volkwein, Andrew D. Maynard, and Martin Harper

26 Ambient Aerosol Sampling 591
John G. Watson and Judith C. Chow

27 Indoor Aerosol Exposure Assessment 615
Charles E. Rodes

28 Radioactive Aerosols 635
Mark D. Hoover

29 Measurement of Cloud and Aerosol Particles from Aircraft 655
James C. Wilson and Haflidi Jonsson

30 Satellite-Based Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosols 667
Rudolf B. Husar

31 Atmospheric New Particle Formation: Physical and Chemical Measurements 681
Peter H. McMurry, Chongai Kuang, James N. Smith, Jun Zhao, and Fred Eisele

32 Electrical Classification and Condensation Detection of Sub-3-nm Aerosols 697
Juan Fernandez de la Mora

33 High Temperature Aerosols: Measurement and Deposition of Nanoparticle Films 723
Pratim Biswas and Elijah Thimsen

34 Characterization and Measurement of Atmospheric Large Particles (PM > 10 mm) 739
Kenneth E. Noll and Dhesikan Venkatesan

35 Manufacturing of Materials by Aerosol Processes 751
George Skillas, Arkadi Maisels, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, and Toivo T. Kodas

36 Aerosol Measurements in Cleanrooms 771
David S. Ensor and Anne Marie Dixon

37 Sampling Techniques in Inhalation Toxicology 785
Owen R. Moss

38 Factors Governing Pulmonary Response to Inhaled Particulate Matter 793
Vincent Castranova

39 Measurement of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Inhalation Aerosols 805
Anthony J. Hickey and David Swift

Appendix A: Glossary of Terms 821

Appendix B: Conversion Factors 831

Appendix C: Commonly Used Constants 833

Appendix D: Some Properties of Air and Water 835

Appendix E: Key Dimensionless Numbers 837

Appendix F: Properties of Particles 839

Appendix G: Geometric Formulas 841

Appendix H: Bulk Density of Some Common Aerosol Materials 843

Appendix I: Manufacturers and Suppliers 845

Index 865