The Arms Race in the Middle East

Mohammad Eslami is a researcher at the Research Centre for Political Science (CICP) at the University of Minho in Portugal, where he investigates Iran's Ballistic Missile and Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Programs. He is also a research fellow of the Arms Control Negotiation Academy led by the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University. His research interests primarily relate to international security, arms control, nuclear proliferation, and Middle East studies. He has published in International Affairs, Third World Quarterly, Spanish Journal of Political Science, Journal of Asian Security, and the Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament and contributed to several edited volumes published by Springer and Palgrave Macmillan, among others.

Alena Vysotskaya Guedes Vieira is a Professor at the University of Minho, Portugal, and an Integrated Member of the Research Centre in Political Science (CICP). She holds a PhD in Political Sciencefrom the University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, and was Visiting Research at the Finnish Institute of International Affairs, at the Institute for Strategic and International Studies (Lisbon), and at the University of Leuven. She has published in the Journal of Common Market Studies, International Affairs, Third World Quarterly, Post-Soviet Affairs, and the Cambridge Review of International Affairs, among other journals, and received scholarships and research grants from the Chair Inbev-Baillet Latour, Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung, Haniel-Stiftung, Compagnia di San Paulo, Riksbanken Jubileumsfond and Volkswagen-Stiftung foundations, as well as of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT). She has also published several briefing papers and reports for EU institutions and other think-tanks.

Part 1: Contemporary Dynamics of the Arms Race in the Middle East.- Introducing the arms race in the Middle East in the XXI century: a 'powder keg' in the digital era?.- The Security Order in the Persian Gulf and its Challenges.- Hybrid Deterrence in the Middle East.- The Challenges and Implications of Military Cyber and AI Capabilities in the Middle East: The Geopolitical, Ethical and Technological Dimensions.- A New Arms Race Frontier: The Emerging Drone Competition Between Iran and its Regional Rivals.- Missile Politics of the Middle East.- Part 2: Arms Race in the Middle East from the Perspective of Regional States.- The Cold War in the Middle East: Iranian Foreign Policy, Regional Axes, and Warfare by Proxy.- Israel and the Regional Arms Race in the Digital Era.- Neoclassical Realist Perspective on Militarization of Turkish Foreign Policy.- The Gulf Cooperation Council Alliance:  Leading Causes and Consequences of an Unending Regional Arms Race.- Arming Palestine: Resistance, Evolution, and Institutionalisation.- Weapons, Rentier Governance and Identity Dynamics in Iraq.- Yemen: Civil War as a Driver of Regional Arms Dynamic.- Part 3: The Role of External Actors in the Arms Race in the Middle East and its Implications for Extra-Regional Countries.- Between Arms Control and Arms Transfer: The US Arms Policy towards the Middle East.- Arms sales as an Instrument of Russia's Foreign Policy and the Shifting Security Dynamics of the Middle East.- China's Growing Presence in the Middle East's Arms Race and Security Dynamics.- Competition, Harmonization, and Security Dilemmas: Europe's Contribution to the Arms Race in the Middle East.- Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Pakistan's Foreign Policy, Saudi Arabia, and Iran.- Conflict in the Insulator State: The Roots of the War in Afghanistan and Prospects Ahead.- The UK's Arms Sales to the Middle East: CurrentTrends and Lessons for Future.- The Crisis in the Periphery: Arms Race in the Middle East and Greece's Role in the Regional Security Architecture.- Armenia as a Small State: Affected by the Arms Race among Middle and Great Powers in the Middle East.